| Links : ± |
CALCULATOR MODULE : Piping Fitting Minor Loss Factor ±
Calculate pipe fitting minor loss factors. Minor loss factors can be defined as: - Av (SI) flow coefficient - the flow in cubic meters per second fluid density 1 kilogram per cubic meter which gives a pressure drop of 1 Pa
- Cv-uk (UK) flow coefficient - the flow in UK gallons per minute of water at 60 degrees F which gives a pressure drop of 1 psi
- Cv-us (US) flow coefficient - the flow in US gallons per minute of water at 60 degrees F which gives a pressure drop of 1 psi
- Cv-met (Metric) flow coefficient - the flow in liters per minute of water at 16 degrees C which gives a pressure drop of 1 bar
- Kv (EU) flow coefficient - the flow in cubic meters per hour of water at 16 degrees C which gives a pressure drop of 1 bar
- Cv* the dimensionless US flow factor = Cv-us / din^2 (din is the inside diameter in inches)
- K factor - the ratio of pressure loss over the dynamic pressure
- Cd or discharge coefficient - the ratio of the actual flow rate of the fluid through the fitting over the frictionless flow rate.
The K factor and discharge coefficient are dimensionless and can be used with any consistent set of units. The dimensionless flow coefficient has inconsistent units, and is unit specific. The flow coefficient Av, Cv-us, Cv-uk, Cv-met and Kv have dimensions length squared, and can not be used interchangeably between different systems of units. Note : The friction factor K, discharge coefficient Cd, dimensionless flow coefficient Cv*, and flow coefficients Av, Cv-uk, Cv-us, Cv-met and Kv are used in different situations. The discharge coefficient is usually used for discharge through an orifice, but can also be used in other situations (for example pressure relief valves). The flow coefficients Av, Cv-uk, Cv-us, Cv-met and Kv, and the dimensionless flow coefficient Cv* are usually used for valves, but can also be used for other fittings. Engineering judgement is required to determine the correct minor loss factor to use. Change Module : Related Modules : |
CALCULATOR MODULE : Parallel And Series Piping Fitting ±
Calculate minor loss factors for parallel and series pipe fittings. The effective K factor for fittings in series equals the sum of the K factors. `Ke = ΣKi ` For fittings in parallel the inverse effective K factor equals the sum of the inverse K factors. `1/(Ke) = Σ1/(Ki) ` The calculators can be used for parallel and series K factor, discharge coefficient Cd, dimensionless flow coefficient Cv*, and flow coefficients Av, Cv-uk, Cv-us, Cv-met and Kv. Minor loss factors are calculated for: - Av (SI) flow coefficient - the flow in cubic meters per second fluid density 1 kilogram per cubic meter which gives a pressure drop of 1 Pa
- Cv-uk (UK) flow coefficient - the flow in UK gallons per minute of water at 60 degrees F which gives a pressure drop of 1 psi
- Cv-us (US) flow coefficient - the flow in US gallons per minute of water at 60 degrees F which gives a pressure drop of 1 psi
- Cv-met (Metric) flow coefficient - the flow in liters per minute of water at 16 degrees C which gives a pressure drop of 1 bar
- Kv (EU) flow coefficient - the flow in cubic meters per hour of water at 16 degrees C which gives a pressure drop of 1 bar
- Cv* the dimensionless US flow factor = Cv-us / din^2 (din is the inside diameter in inches)
- K factor - the ratio of pressure loss over the dynamic pressure
- Cd or discharge coefficient - the ratio of the actual flow rate of the fluid through the fitting over the frictionless flow rate.
Change Module : Related Modules : |
CALCULATOR MODULE : Piping Fitting Pressure Loss ±
Calculate outlet pressure and pressure loss through piping and fittings. The pressure loss is calculated from the Moody diagram using the Darcy-Weisbach friction factor. The Darcy friction factor can be calculated using either the Hagen-Poiseuille laminar flow equation, the original Colebrook White turbulent flow equation, or the modified Colebrook White equation. Changes in elevation are ignored. For liquid piping with fittings the outlet pressure is calculated by: `Po = P - 8 (fL/D+ΣK) ρ (Q^2) / (pi^2D^4) `
`ΔP = P - Po ` where : ΔP = pressure loss
P =inlet pressure
Po = outlet pressure
Po = outlet pressure
ρ = fluid density
Q= fluid volume flowrate
f = Darcy friction factor
L = pipe length
D = pipe inside diameter
Σ K = total fitting K factor For gas piping with fittings the outlet pressure is calculated by: `Po = √(P^2 - 16m^2(fd.L / D + ΣK) (mma.SG.ZRoT)/(pi^2D^4) ) ` where : m = gas mole flowrate
mma = air molar mass
SG = gas specific gravity
Z = gas compressibility factor
Ro = universal gas constant
T = gas temperature For liquid fittings the outlet pressure is calculated by: `Po = P - 8 K ρ (Q^2) / (pi^2D^4) ` where : K = fitting K factor For gas fittings the outlet pressure is calculated by: `Po = √(P^2 - m^2K (16mma.SG.ZRoT)/(pi^2D^4) ) ` Change Module : Related Modules : |
CALCULATOR MODULE : Piping Fitting Fluid Property ±
Calculate pipe fitting gas and liquid density and viscosity. Calculate liquid density, specific gravity, degrees Baume, degrees Twaddell, or degrees API. For liquids lighter than or equal to water the density can be defined as degrees API, or degrees Baume (Be-). For liquids heavier than water the density can be defined by degrees Baume (Be+), or degrees Twaddell. Calculate gas density, viscosity and compressibility factor for: methane CH4, ethane C2H6, propane C3H8, iso-butane C4H10, n-butane C4H10, iso-pentane C5H12, n-pentane C5H12, n-hEAne C6H14, n-heptane C7H16, n-octane C8H18, n-nonane C9H20, n-decane C10H22, air N2 + O2, ammonia NH3, argon Ar, carbon dioxide CO2, carbon monoxide CO, chlorine Cl2, helium He, hydrogen H2, hydrogen chloride HCl, hydrogen sulphide H2S, nitrogen N2, oxygen O2, and steam H2O. The gas compressibility factor is calculated from the critical point temperature, critical point temperature, and the accentric factor using either the Peng Robinson, Soave, Redlich Kwong or Van Der Waals equations of state (EOS). Steam table properties can be calculated for water, saturated water, saturated steam, saturated water and steam, metastable water, and metastable steam. Change Module : Related Modules : |
CALCULATOR MODULE : Piping Reducer And Enlarger Minor Loss Factor ±
Calculate typical pipe reducer and enlarger minor loss factors. The minor loss factors can be calculated for either the small diameter, and the large diameter. The nozzle can be either tapered with a transition, or abrupt with no transition. The taper angle is equal to half the cone angle. Note : The calculated values are typical. Manufacturers data should be used if it is available. Minor loss factors are calculated for: - Av (SI) flow coefficient - the flow in cubic meters per second fluid density 1 kilogram per cubic meter which gives a pressure drop of 1 Pa
- Cv-uk (UK) flow coefficient - the flow in UK gallons per minute of water at 60 degrees F which gives a pressure drop of 1 psi
- Cv-us (US) flow coefficient - the flow in US gallons per minute of water at 60 degrees F which gives a pressure drop of 1 psi
- Cv-met (Metric) flow coefficient - the flow in liters per minute of water at 16 degrees C which gives a pressure drop of 1 bar
- Kv (EU) flow coefficient - the flow in cubic meters per hour of water at 16 degrees C which gives a pressure drop of 1 bar
- Cv* the dimensionless US flow factor = Cv-us / din^2 (din is the inside diameter in inches)
- K factor - the ratio of pressure loss over the dynamic pressure
- Cd or discharge coefficient - the ratio of the actual flow rate of the fluid through the fitting over the frictionless flow rate.
Reference : Crane Technical Paper 410M Metric Version : Flow Of Fluids Through Valves, Fittings And Pipe Change Module : Related Modules : |
CALCULATOR MODULE : Piping Wye And Tee Minor Loss Factor ±
Calculate typical pipe wye and tee minor loss factors (K, Cd, Cv*, Av, Cv-uk, Cv-us, Cv-met and Kv). The minor loss factors can be calculated for converging and diverging wyes and tees, and for the run and the branch. The run is assumed to be constant diameter. The branch diameter should be smaller than or equal to the run diameter. The flow ratio should be 0 ≤ Qb/Qc ≤ 1. The flow ratio can be either the mass flowrate ratio, the volume flowrate ratio (for liquids), or the mole flowrate ratio (for gases). Note : In some cases the friction factor K can be negative due to the acceleration of slow moving fluid to the velocity of the combined flow. The discharge coefficient and flow coefficients are invalid for negative friction factor K. Minor loss factors are calculated for: - Av (SI) flow coefficient - the flow in cubic meters per second fluid density 1 kilogram per cubic meter which gives a pressure drop of 1 Pa
- Cv-uk (UK) flow coefficient - the flow in UK gallons per minute of water at 60 degrees F which gives a pressure drop of 1 psi
- Cv-us (US) flow coefficient - the flow in US gallons per minute of water at 60 degrees F which gives a pressure drop of 1 psi
- Cv-met (Metric) flow coefficient - the flow in liters per minute of water at 16 degrees C which gives a pressure drop of 1 bar
- Kv (EU) flow coefficient - the flow in cubic meters per hour of water at 16 degrees C which gives a pressure drop of 1 bar
- Cv* the dimensionless US flow factor = Cv-us / din^2 (din is the inside diameter in inches)
- K factor - the ratio of pressure loss over the dynamic pressure
- Cd or discharge coefficient - the ratio of the actual flow rate of the fluid through the fitting over the frictionless flow rate.
The calculated values are typical. Manufacturers data should be used if it is available. Reference : Crane Technical Paper 410M Metric Version : Flow Of Fluids Through Valves, Fittings And Pipe Change Module : Related Modules : |
CALCULATOR MODULE : Piping Entry And Exit Minor Loss Factor ±
Calculate typical pipe entry and exit minor loss factors (K, Cd, Cv*, Av, Cv-uk, Cv-us, Cv-met and Kv). Minor loss factors canbe calculated for pipe exits, inward protruding entries, sharp edged flush entries, and radiused flush entries. Minor loss factors are calculated for: - Av (SI) flow coefficient - the flow in cubic meters per second fluid density 1 kilogram per cubic meter which gives a pressure drop of 1 Pa
- Cv-uk (UK) flow coefficient - the flow in UK gallons per minute of water at 60 degrees F which gives a pressure drop of 1 psi
- Cv-us (US) flow coefficient - the flow in US gallons per minute of water at 60 degrees F which gives a pressure drop of 1 psi
- Cv-met (Metric) flow coefficient - the flow in liters per minute of water at 16 degrees C which gives a pressure drop of 1 bar
- Kv (EU) flow coefficient - the flow in cubic meters per hour of water at 16 degrees C which gives a pressure drop of 1 bar
- Cv* the dimensionless US flow factor = Cv-us / din^2 (din is the inside diameter in inches)
- K factor - the ratio of pressure loss over the dynamic pressure
- Cd or discharge coefficient - the ratio of the actual flow rate of the fluid through the fitting over the frictionless flow rate.
The calculated values are typical. Manufacturers data should be used if it is available. Reference : Crane Technical Paper 410M Metric Version : Flow Of Fluids Through Valves, Fittings And Pipe Change Module : Related Modules : |
CALCULATOR MODULE : Piping Bend And Elbow Minor Loss Factor ±
Calculate typical pipe bend and elbow minor loss factors (K, Cd, Cv*, Av, Cv-uk, Cv-us, Cv-met and Kv). Minor loss factors can be calculated for miter bends (single miter and multiple miter), formed bends, close return bends, and standard elbows. Minor loss factors are calculated for: - Av (SI) flow coefficient - the flow in cubic meters per second fluid density 1 kilogram per cubic meter which gives a pressure drop of 1 Pa
- Cv-uk (UK) flow coefficient - the flow in UK gallons per minute of water at 60 degrees F which gives a pressure drop of 1 psi
- Cv-us (US) flow coefficient - the flow in US gallons per minute of water at 60 degrees F which gives a pressure drop of 1 psi
- Cv-met (Metric) flow coefficient - the flow in liters per minute of water at 16 degrees C which gives a pressure drop of 1 bar
- Kv (EU) flow coefficient - the flow in cubic meters per hour of water at 16 degrees C which gives a pressure drop of 1 bar
- Cv* the dimensionless US flow factor = Cv-us / din^2 (din is the inside diameter in inches)
- K factor - the ratio of pressure loss over the dynamic pressure
- Cd or discharge coefficient - the ratio of the actual flow rate of the fluid through the fitting over the frictionless flow rate.
The calculated values are typical. Manufacturers data should be used if it is available. Reference : Crane Technical Paper 410M Metric Version : Flow Of Fluids Through Valves, Fittings And Pipe Change Module : Related Modules : |
CALCULATOR MODULE : Piping Valve Minor Loss Factor ±
Calculate typical pipe valve minor loss factors (K, Cd, Cv*, Av, Cv-uk, Cv-us, Cv-met and Kv). The valves are assumed to be fully open. For full port valves the valve port cross section area equals the nominal internal cross section area. For reduced port valves the valve port cross section area is less than the nominal internal cross section area. For circular valve ports the diameter ratio is equal to the valve port diameter over the nominal inside diameter. For non circular valve ports, use the square root of the internal area ratio (the square root of the valve port area over the nominal internal area). Minor loss factors are calculated for: - Av (SI) flow coefficient - the flow in cubic meters per second fluid density 1 kilogram per cubic meter which gives a pressure drop of 1 Pa
- Cv-uk (UK) flow coefficient - the flow in UK gallons per minute of water at 60 degrees F which gives a pressure drop of 1 psi
- Cv-us (US) flow coefficient - the flow in US gallons per minute of water at 60 degrees F which gives a pressure drop of 1 psi
- Cv-met (Metric) flow coefficient - the flow in liters per minute of water at 16 degrees C which gives a pressure drop of 1 bar
- Kv (EU) flow coefficient - the flow in cubic meters per hour of water at 16 degrees C which gives a pressure drop of 1 bar
- Cv* the dimensionless US flow factor = Cv-us / din^2 (din is the inside diameter in inches)
- K factor - the ratio of pressure loss over the dynamic pressure
- Cd or discharge coefficient - the ratio of the actual flow rate of the fluid through the fitting over the frictionless flow rate.
The calculated values are typical. Manufacturers data should be used if it is available. Reference : Crane Technical Paper 410M Metric Version : Flow Of Fluids Through Valves, Fittings And Pipe Change Module : Related Modules : |
CALCULATOR MODULE : Piping Check Valve Minor Loss Factor ±
Calculate typical gas and liquid pipe check valve minimum velocity and minor loss factors (K, Cd, Cv*, Av, Cv-uk, Cv-us, Cv-met and Kv). The minimum flowrate is the flowrate required to keep the check valve fully open. For full port valves the valve port cross section area equals the nominal internal cross section area. For reduced port valves the valve port cross section area is less than the nominal internal cross section area. For circular valve ports the diameter ratio is equal to the valve port diameter over the nominal inside diameter. For non circular valve ports, use the square root of the internal area ratio (the square root of the valve port area over the nominal internal area). Minor loss factors are calculated for: - Av (SI) flow coefficient - the flow in cubic meters per second fluid density 1 kilogram per cubic meter which gives a pressure drop of 1 Pa
- Cv-uk (UK) flow coefficient - the flow in UK gallons per minute of water at 60 degrees F which gives a pressure drop of 1 psi
- Cv-us (US) flow coefficient - the flow in US gallons per minute of water at 60 degrees F which gives a pressure drop of 1 psi
- Cv-met (Metric) flow coefficient - the flow in liters per minute of water at 16 degrees C which gives a pressure drop of 1 bar
- Kv (EU) flow coefficient - the flow in cubic meters per hour of water at 16 degrees C which gives a pressure drop of 1 bar
- Cv* the dimensionless US flow factor = Cv-us / din^2 (din is the inside diameter in inches)
- K factor - the ratio of pressure loss over the dynamic pressure
- Cd or discharge coefficient - the ratio of the actual flow rate of the fluid through the fitting over the frictionless flow rate.
The calculated values are typical. Manufacturers data should be used if it is available. Reference : Crane Technical Paper 410M Metric Version : Flow Of Fluids Through Valves, Fittings And Pipe Change Module : Related Modules : |
CALCULATOR MODULE : Piping Control Valve Sizing ±
Calculate typical gas and liquid pipe control valve sizing and minor loss factors (K, Cd, Cv*, Av, Cv-uk, Cv-us, Cv-met and Kv). The control valve sizing is calculated in two steps using the ISA-75.01.01 iteration method for Kv flow coefficient. The other flow factors (Av, Cv-uk, Cv-us, Cv-met, Cv*, K, and Cd) are calculated from Kv. Step 1 : Calculate the required valve flow coefficient (Av, Cv-uk, Cv-us, Cv-met and Kv) assuming that the valve ID is equal to the pipe ID. Use the required flow coefficient to select a suitable valve. Step 2 : Select a suitable valve size, type and flow coefficient based on manufacturers data. If a full bore valve is too large, a smaller valve should be selected, with assumed concentric reducers. Calculate the required flow coefficient for the selected valve. The required flow coefficient should be less than or equal to the valve flow coefficient. A trial and error process may be required to determine the appropriate valve. It is recommended that the valve diameter is not less than half the pipe diameter. The calculation is not valid if the valve diameter is greater than the pipe diameter. The calculation might not converge if the valve size is too small. For viscous fluids or very low flow velocity flow, with low Reynolds number (Rev < 10,000) use the Reynolds number factor option. For most flow cases the Reynolds number can be ignored (Fr = 1). Check for choked conditions. If the outlet pressure for step 1 or step 2 is greater than the minimum (choked) outlet pressure, set the outlet pressure equal to the choked outlet pressure. The maximum (choked) flowrate, maximum (choked) delta pressure and minimum (choked) outlet pressure are calculated from the fluid vapour pressure, and the fluid critical point pressure. Specially designed valves are required to operate at choked conditions. The K factors should include fittings located with 2D upstream and 6D downstream. The fluid velocity is calculated from the valve ID. The piping is assumed to be constant diameter upstream and downstream of the valve. The liquid pressure recovery factor Fl, and the valve design factor Fd depend on the valve type and geometry. Typical values are included in the data tables. Manufacturers data should be used if it is available. Check that the convergence is close to or equal to one. Convergence problems can indicate that the selected valve size is too small. The dimensionless flow coefficient Cv* equals Cv-us / IDin^2, where IDin is the valve inside diameter in inches. For control valves, a maximum Cv* value of 30 is recommended, equivalent to a minimum K factor of 1. Minor loss factors are calculated for: - Av (SI) flow coefficient - the flow in cubic meters per second fluid density 1 kilogram per cubic meter which gives a pressure drop of 1 Pa
- Cv-uk (UK) flow coefficient - the flow in UK gallons per minute of water at 60 degrees F which gives a pressure drop of 1 psi
- Cv-us (US) flow coefficient - the flow in US gallons per minute of water at 60 degrees F which gives a pressure drop of 1 psi
- Cv-met (Metric) flow coefficient - the flow in liters per minute of water at 16 degrees C which gives a pressure drop of 1 bar
- Kv (EU) flow coefficient - the flow in cubic meters per hour of water at 16 degrees C which gives a pressure drop of 1 bar
- Cv* the dimensionless US flow factor = Cv-us / din^2 (din is the inside diameter in inches)
- K factor - the ratio of pressure loss over the dynamic pressure
- Cd or discharge coefficient - the ratio of the actual flow rate of the fluid through the fitting over the frictionless flow rate.
Reference : ISA-75.01.01 Industrial Process Control Valves Part 2-1 Flow Capacity Sizing Equations For Fluid Flow Under Installed Conditions Change Module : Related Modules : |
CALCULATOR MODULE : Gas Piping Minor Loss Factor ±
Calculate gas pipe fitting minor loss factors. Minor loss factors can be defined as: - Av (SI) flow coefficient - the flow in cubic meters per second fluid density 1 kilogram per cubic meter which gives a pressure drop of 1 Pa
- Cv-uk (UK) flow coefficient - the flow in UK gallons per minute of water at 60 degrees F which gives a pressure drop of 1 psi
- Cv-us (US) flow coefficient - the flow in US gallons per minute of water at 60 degrees F which gives a pressure drop of 1 psi
- Cv-met (Metric) flow coefficient - the flow in liters per minute of water at 16 degrees C which gives a pressure drop of 1 bar
- Kv (EU) flow coefficient - the flow in cubic meters per hour of water at 16 degrees C which gives a pressure drop of 1 bar
- Cv* the dimensionless US flow factor = Cv-us / din^2 (din is the inside diameter in inches)
- K factor - the ratio of pressure loss over the dynamic pressure
- Cd or discharge coefficient - the ratio of the actual flow rate of the fluid through the fitting over the frictionless flow rate.
The K factor and discharge coefficient are dimensionless and can be used with any consistent set of units. The dimensionless flow coefficient has inconsistent units, and is unit specific. The flow coefficient Av, Cv-us, Cv-uk, Cv-met and Kv have dimensions length squared, and can not be used interchangeably between different systems of units. Note : The friction factor K, discharge coefficient Cd, dimensionless flow coefficient Cv*, and flow coefficients Av, Cv-uk, Cv-us, Cv-met and Kv are used in different situations. The discharge coefficient is usually used for discharge through an orifice, but can also be used in other situations (for example pressure relief valves). The flow coefficients Av, Cv-uk, Cv-us, Cv-met and Kv, and the dimensionless flow coefficient Cv* are usually used for valves, but can also be used for other fittings. Engineering judgement is required to determine the correct minor loss factor to use. Change Module : Related Modules : |
CALCULATOR MODULE : Liquid Piping Minor Loss Factor ±
Calculate liquid pipe fitting minor loss factors. Minor loss factors can be defined as: - Av (SI) flow coefficient - the flow in cubic meters per second fluid density 1 kilogram per cubic meter which gives a pressure drop of 1 Pa
- Cv-uk (UK) flow coefficient - the flow in UK gallons per minute of water at 60 degrees F which gives a pressure drop of 1 psi
- Cv-us (US) flow coefficient - the flow in US gallons per minute of water at 60 degrees F which gives a pressure drop of 1 psi
- Cv-met (Metric) flow coefficient - the flow in liters per minute of water at 16 degrees C which gives a pressure drop of 1 bar
- Kv (EU) flow coefficient - the flow in cubic meters per hour of water at 16 degrees C which gives a pressure drop of 1 bar
- Cv* the dimensionless US flow factor = Cv-us / din^2 (din is the inside diameter in inches)
- K factor - the ratio of pressure loss over the dynamic pressure
- Cd or discharge coefficient - the ratio of the actual flow rate of the fluid through the fitting over the frictionless flow rate.
The K factor and discharge coefficient are dimensionless and can be used with any consistent set of units. The dimensionless flow coefficient has inconsistent units, and is unit specific. The flow coefficient Av, Cv-us, Cv-uk, Cv-met and Kv have dimensions length squared, and can not be used interchangeably between different systems of units. Note : The friction factor K, discharge coefficient Cd, dimensionless flow coefficient Cv*, and flow coefficients Av, Cv-uk, Cv-us, Cv-met and Kv are used in different situations. The discharge coefficient is usually used for discharge through an orifice, but can also be used in other situations (for example pressure relief valves). The flow coefficients Av, Cv-uk, Cv-us, Cv-met and Kv, and the dimensionless flow coefficient Cv* are usually used for valves, but can also be used for other fittings. Engineering judgement is required to determine the correct minor loss factor to use. Change Module : Related Modules : |
DATA MODULE : Pipe Fitting And Valve ( Open In Popup Workbook ) ±
Fluid flow friction factors for pressure loss calculations. Friction factors include K factors, flow coefficients Cv, and discharge coefficients Cd. Related Modules : |