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CALCULATOR MODULE : Piping Fitting Minor Loss Factor ±
Calculate pipe fitting minor loss factors. Minor loss factors can be defined as: - Av (SI) flow coefficient - the flow in cubic meters per second fluid density 1 kilogram per cubic meter which gives a pressure drop of 1 Pa
- Cv-uk (UK) flow coefficient - the flow in UK gallons per minute of water at 60 degrees F which gives a pressure drop of 1 psi
- Cv-us (US) flow coefficient - the flow in US gallons per minute of water at 60 degrees F which gives a pressure drop of 1 psi
- Cv-met (Metric) flow coefficient - the flow in liters per minute of water at 16 degrees C which gives a pressure drop of 1 bar
- Kv (EU) flow coefficient - the flow in cubic meters per hour of water at 16 degrees C which gives a pressure drop of 1 bar
- Cv* the dimensionless US flow factor = Cv-us / din^2 (din is the inside diameter in inches)
- K factor - the ratio of pressure loss over the dynamic pressure
- Cd or discharge coefficient - the ratio of the actual flow rate of the fluid through the fitting over the frictionless flow rate.
The K factor and discharge coefficient are dimensionless and can be used with any consistent set of units. The dimensionless flow coefficient has inconsistent units, and is unit specific. The flow coefficient Av, Cv-us, Cv-uk, Cv-met and Kv have dimensions length squared, and can not be used interchangeably between different systems of units. Note : The friction factor K, discharge coefficient Cd, dimensionless flow coefficient Cv*, and flow coefficients Av, Cv-uk, Cv-us, Cv-met and Kv are used in different situations. The discharge coefficient is usually used for discharge through an orifice, but can also be used in other situations (for example pressure relief valves). The flow coefficients Av, Cv-uk, Cv-us, Cv-met and Kv, and the dimensionless flow coefficient Cv* are usually used for valves, but can also be used for other fittings. Engineering judgement is required to determine the correct minor loss factor to use. Change Module : Related Modules : |
CALCULATOR MODULE : Piping Fitting Pressure Loss ±
Calculate outlet pressure and pressure loss through piping and fittings. The pressure loss is calculated from the Moody diagram using the Darcy-Weisbach friction factor. The Darcy friction factor can be calculated using either the Hagen-Poiseuille laminar flow equation, the original Colebrook White turbulent flow equation, or the modified Colebrook White equation. Changes in elevation are ignored. For liquid piping with fittings the outlet pressure is calculated by: `Po = P - 8 (fL/D+ΣK) ρ (Q^2) / (pi^2D^4) `
`ΔP = P - Po ` where : ΔP = pressure loss
P =inlet pressure
Po = outlet pressure
Po = outlet pressure
ρ = fluid density
Q= fluid volume flowrate
f = Darcy friction factor
L = pipe length
D = pipe inside diameter
Σ K = total fitting K factor For gas piping with fittings the outlet pressure is calculated by: `Po = √(P^2 - 16m^2(fd.L / D + ΣK) (mma.SG.ZRoT)/(pi^2D^4) ) ` where : m = gas mole flowrate
mma = air molar mass
SG = gas specific gravity
Z = gas compressibility factor
Ro = universal gas constant
T = gas temperature For liquid fittings the outlet pressure is calculated by: `Po = P - 8 K ρ (Q^2) / (pi^2D^4) ` where : K = fitting K factor For gas fittings the outlet pressure is calculated by: `Po = √(P^2 - m^2K (16mma.SG.ZRoT)/(pi^2D^4) ) ` Change Module : Related Modules : |
CALCULATOR MODULE : Liquid Pipeline Pressure Loss From The Darcy Weisbach Equation ±
Calculate single phase liquid pipeline pressure loss using the Darcy Weisbach equation. `Po = P - (fd L / (ID) + K) 1/2 ρ V^2 + ρ g (zi - zo) ` where : Po = outlet pressure
P = inlet pressure
fd = Darcy friction factor
L = piping length
ID = piping inside diameter
K = total friction loss factor for fittings
ρ = fluid density
V = fluid velocity
g = gravity constant
zi = inlet elevation
zo = outlet elevation The Darcy friction factor can be calculated for - Hagen-Poiseuille laminar flow equation
- original Colebrook White equation
- modified Colebrook White equation
- Prandtl Nikuradse smooth pipe equation
- Blasius smooth pipe equation
- Colebrook smooth pipe equation
- Miller smooth pipe equation
- Konakov smooth pipe equation
- Von Karman rough pipe equation
For low Reynolds numbers Re < 2000, the fluid flow is laminar and the Darcy friction factor should be calculated using the Hagen-Poiseuille laminar flow equation. For high Reynolds numbers Re > 4000, the fluid flow is turbulent and the Darcy friction factor should be calculated using one of the turbulent flow equations. In the transition region 2000 < Re < 4000, the flow is unstable and the friction loss cannot be reliably calculated. The minor loss K factor is used to account for pipeline fittings such as bends, tees, valves etc.. The calculators use the Darcy-Weisbach pressure loss equation. The Fanning friction factor is used with the Fanning pressure loss equation. The transmission factors are commonly used for gas flow. The results for the Darcy and Fanning equations are identical provided that the correct friction factor is used. Change Module : Related Modules : |
CALCULATOR MODULE : Liquid Pipeline Pressure Loss From The Moody Diagram ±
Calculate pressure loss for single phase liquid pipelines and ducts using the Darcy Weisbach version of the Moody Diagram. `fdl = 64/(Re) `
`1/(√fdo) = -2 log10(r/3.7 + 2.51 / (Re √(fdo))) `
`1/(√fdm) = -2 log10(r/3.7 + 2.825 / (Re √(fdm))) ` where : fdl = Hagen-Poiseuille laminar flow equation Darcy friction factor
fdo = original Colebrook White equation Darcy friction factor
fdm = modified Colebrook White equation Darcy friction factor
Re = Reynolds number
r = relative roughness For low Reynolds numbers Re < 2000, the fluid flow is laminar and the Darcy friction factor should be calculated using the Hagen-Poiseuille laminar flow equation. For high Reynolds numbers Re > 4000, the fluid flow is turbulent and the Darcy friction factor should be calculated using one of the turbulent flow equations. In the transition region 2000 < Re < 4000, the flow is unstable and the friction loss cannot be reliably calculated. The minor loss K factor is used to account for pipeline fittings such as bends, tees, valves etc.. Change Module : Related Modules : |
CALCULATOR MODULE : Liquid Pipeline Pressure Loss From The AGA Equation ±
Calculate pressure loss for single phase liquid pipelines using the AGA equation. `Tr = 4 log(3.7 / (rr)) `
`Ts = 4 log((Re) / (Ts)) - 0.6 `
`Tt = 4 Df log((Re) / (1.4125 Ts)) `
`Tf = min(Tr, Tt) `
`fd = (2 / (Tf))^2 ` where : Tr = rough pipe transmission factor
Ts = smooth pipe transmission factor
Tt = turbulent pipe transmission factor
Tf= Fanning transmission factor
fd = Darcy friction factor
rr = pipe relative roughness
Re = Reynolds number
Df = AGA drag factor The AGA equation is used to calculate the Fanning transmission factor using an iteration method. Check that the convergence is close to or equal to one. The pressure loss is calculated from the Darcy friction factor using the Darcy-Weisbach equation. For low Reynolds numbers Re < 2000, the fluid flow is laminar and the Darcy friction factor should be calculated using the Hagen-Poiseuille laminar flow equation. For high Reynolds numbers Re > 4000, the fluid flow is turbulent and the Darcy friction factor should be calculated using the AGA equation. In the transition region 2000 < Re < 4000, the flow is unstable and the friction loss cannot be reliably calculated. Pipe bends can be specified as either a bend angle, AGA bend index (degrees of bend per mile), or AGA drag factor. The drag factor is interpolated from the AGA table. The drag factor includes pipe roughness. Valves, tees and other pipe fittings should be included by adding a minor loss equivalent length to the pipeline length. Change Module : Related Modules : |
CALCULATOR MODULE : Water Pipeline Pressure Loss From The Hazen Williams Equation ±
Calculate pressure loss for single phase liquid pipelines using the Hazen Williams equation. For SI units `Q = 0.85 c.A.rh^0.63 s^0.54 `
`rh = ID/4 ` where : Q = flow rate
A = cross section area
ID = inside diameter
rh = hydraulic radius
s = channel slope
c = Hazen Williams friction factor The Hazen Williams equation was developed for water pipes. Pipe roughness is accounted for using the Hazen Williams friction factor. The hydraulic radius is the ratio of pipe cross section area over pipe circumference (r/2 = ID/4). Valves, tees and other pipe fittings should be included by adding a minor loss equivalent length to the pipeline length. Change Module : Related Modules : |
CALCULATOR MODULE : Water Open Channel Or Culvert Flow Rate From The Manning Equation ±
Calculate flowrate in circular or rectangular water channels using the Manning equation. `Q = A (rh^2)/3 s^(1/2) / n `
`rh = A/P ` where : Q = flow rate
A = cross section area
P = wetted perimeter
rh = hydraulic radius
s = channel slope
n = Manning friction factor The channel is assumed to be either open, or partly full and at ambient pressure. The head loss equals the change in elevation. Channel roughness is accounted for using the Manning friction factor. The hydraulic radius is the ratio of channel cross section area over the wetted perimeter. Valves, tees and other pipe fittings should be included by adding a minor loss equivalent length to the pipeline length. Change Module : Related Modules : |
CALCULATOR MODULE : Liquid Rectangular Duct Pressure Loss ±
Calculate single phase liquid flow in a rectangular duct. The Moody diagram is valid for rectangular ducts provided that the Reynolds number is calculated from the hydraulic diameter (equal to four times the cross section area divided by the perimeter). The Darcy friction factor can be calculated from the Moody diagram using either the Hagen-Poiseuille laminar flow equation, the original Colebrook White equation or the modified Colebrook White equation. The minor loss K factor is used to account for pipeline fittings such as bends, tees, valves etc.. Change flow coefficient units on the setup page (Av, Kv, or Cv). Change Module : Related Modules : |
CALCULATOR MODULE : Gas Pipeline Pressure Loss From The Darcy Weisbach Equation ±
Calculate single phase gas pipeline pressure loss using the Darcy Weisbach equation. `Po = √(P^2 - m^2(fd.L / D + K) ls (16mma.SG.ZRoT)/(pi^2D^4) ) / (es) `
`ss = (z2 - z2) SG.mma.g / (Ro T Z) `
`es = e^(ss) `
`ls = (es^2 - 1) / (ss) ` where : Po = outlet pressure
P = inlet pressure
fd = Darcy friction factor
L = piping length
D = piping inside diameter
K = total friction loss factor for fittings
m = gas mole flowrategas
mma = air molar mass
SG = gas specific gravity
Z = gas compressibility factor
Ro = universal gas constant
T = gas temperature
g = gravity constant
zi = inlet elevation
zo = outlet elevation
ss = elevation exponent
es = elevation pressure factor
ls = elevation length factor For low Reynolds numbers Re < 2000, the fluid flow is laminar and the Darcy friction factor should be calculated using the Hagen-Poiseuille laminar flow equation. For high Reynolds numbers Re > 4000, the fluid flow is turbulent and the Darcy friction factor should be calculated using one of the turbulent flow equations. In the transition region 2000 < Re < 4000, the flow is unstable and the friction loss cannot be reliably calculated. The minor loss K factor is used to account for pipeline fittings such as bends, tees, valves etc.. The calculators use the Darcy-Weisbach pressure loss equation with the Darcy friction factor. The Fanning transmission factor combined with the Fanning equation is commonly used for gas flow. The results for the Darcy and Fanning equations are identical provided that the correct friction factor is used. The gas specific gravity is the ratio of gas density over the density of dry air at base temperature and pressure. The compressibility factor is assumed to equal 1 at the base conditions. The gas specific gravity is proportional to the gas molar mass. Change Module : Related Modules : |
CALCULATOR MODULE : Gas Pipeline Pressure Loss From The Moody Diagram ±
Calculate pressure loss for single phase gas pipelines using the Darcy Weisbach version of the Moody Diagram. `fdl = 64/(Re) `
`1/(√fdo) = -2 log10(r/3.7 + 2.51 / (Re √(fdo))) `
`1/(√fdm) = -2 log10(r/3.7 + 2.825 / (Re √(fdm))) ` where : fdl = Hagen-Poiseuille laminar flow equation Darcy friction factor
fdo = original Colebrook White equation Darcy friction factor
fdm = modified Colebrook White equation Darcy friction factor
Re = Reynolds number
r = relative roughness For low Reynolds numbers Re < 2000, the fluid flow is laminar and the Darcy friction factor should be calculated using the Hagen-Poiseuille laminar flow equation. For high Reynolds numbers Re > 4000, the fluid flow is turbulent and the Darcy friction factor should be calculated using one of the turbulent flow equations. In the transition region 2000 < Re < 4000, the flow is unstable and the friction loss cannot be reliably calculated. The minor loss K factor is used to account for pipeline fittings such as bends, tees, valves etc.. The calculators use the Darcy-Weisbach version of the Moody diagram. The Fanning transmission factor combined with the Fanning equation is commonly used for gas flow. The results for the Darcy and Fanning equations are identical provided that the correct friction factor is used. `ff = (fd) / 4 `
`tf = 1 / (√ff)= 2 / (√fd) ` where : fd = Darcy friction factor
ff = Fanning friction factor
tf = Fanning transmission factor The gas specific gravity is the ratio of gas density over the density of dry air at base temperature and pressure. The compressibility factor is assumed to equal 1 at the base conditions. The gas specific gravity is proportional to the gas molar mass. Change Module : Related Modules : |
CALCULATOR MODULE : Gas Pipeline Pressure Loss From The AGA Equation ±
Calculate pressure loss for single phase gas pipelines using the AGA equation. `Tr = 4 log(3.7 / (rr)) `
`Ts = 4 log((Re) / (Ts)) - 0.6 `
`Tt = 4 Df log((Re) / (1.4125 Ts)) `
`Tf = min(Tr, Tt) `
`fd = (2 / (Tf))^2 ` where : Tr = rough pipe transmission factor
Ts = smooth pipe transmission factor
Tt = turbulent pipe transmission factor
Tf= Fanning transmission factor
fd = Darcy friction factor
rr = pipe relative roughness
Re = Reynolds number
Df = AGA drag factor The AGA equation is used to calculate the Fanning transmission factor using an iteration method. Check that the convergence is close to or equal to one. The pressure loss is calculated from the Darcy friction factor using the Darcy-Weisbach equation. For low Reynolds numbers Re < 2000, the fluid flow is laminar and the Darcy friction factor should be calculated using the Hagen-Poiseuille laminar flow equation. For high Reynolds numbers Re > 4000, the fluid flow is turbulent and the Darcy friction factor should be calculated using the AGA equation. In the transition region 2000 < Re < 4000, the flow is unstable and the friction loss cannot be reliably calculated. Pipe bends can be specified as either a bend angle, AGA bend index (degrees of bend per mile), or AGA drag factor. The drag factor is interpolated from the AGA table. The drag factor includes pipe roughness. Valves, tees and other pipe fittings should be included by adding a minor loss equivalent length to the pipeline length. Change Module : Related Modules : |
CALCULATOR MODULE : Gas Pipeline Pressure Loss From The Weymouth And Panhandle Equation ±
Calculate pressure loss for single phase gas pipelines using either the Weymouth equation, the Panhandle A equation, the Panhandle B equation, or the general equation (user defined Darcy friction factor). `Q = 77.57 ((Tb) / (Pb)) ((P^2 - ess. Po^2) / (SG .T. L. ls Z. fd))^0.5 D^2.5 `General ` `
`Q = 433.5 ((Tb) / (Pb)) E ((P^2 - ess. Po^2) / (SG .T. L. ls. Z))^0.5 D^2.667 `Weymouth` `
`Q = 437.87 ((Tb) / (Pb))^1.0788 E ((P^2 - ess. Po^2) / (SG^0.8539. T .L. ls. Z))^0.5394 D^2.6182 `Panhandle A` `
`Q = 738.73 ((Tb) / (Pb))^1.02 E ((P^2 - ess. Po^2) / (SG^0.961. T. L. ls. Z))^0.51 D^2.53 `Panhandle B` `
`ss = (z2 - z2) SG. mma. g / (Ro T Z) `
`es = exp(ss) `
`ls = (es^2 - 1) / (ss) ` where : Q = mole flowrate (SCFD)
Po = outlet pressure (psia)
P = inlet pressure (psia)
Tb = base temperature (60 F)
Pb = base pressure (1 atm)
fd = Darcy friction factor
E = efficiency factor
L = piping length (mi)
D = piping inside diameter (in)
K = total friction loss factor for fittings
g = gravity constant
zi = inlet elevation
zo = outlet elevation
ss = elevation exponent
es = elevation pressure factor
ls = elevation length factor Pipe roughness can be accounted for using the efficiency factor. Minor losses such as bends, valves, tees and other pipe fittings should be included by adding a minor loss equivalent length to the pipeline length. The calculations are not suitable for laminar flow. Change Module : Related Modules : |
CALCULATOR MODULE : Low Pressure Air Pressure Loss From The Moody Diagram ±
Calculate pressure loss for low pressure air circular and rectangular ducts using the Moody diagram. The calculators use the Darcy-Weisbach pressure loss equation. For low Reynolds numbers Re < 2000, the fluid flow is laminar and the Darcy friction factor should be calculated using the Hagen-Poiseuille laminar flow equation. For high Reynolds numbers Re > 4000, the fluid flow is turbulent and the Darcy friction factor should be calculated using one of the turbulent flow equations. In the transition region 2000 < Re < 4000, the flow is unstable and the friction loss cannot be reliably calculated. Minor losses can be entered as either a K friction factor, a length, or length over diameter ratio. The minor losses are used to account for pipeline fittings such as bends, tees, valves etc.. :sg:For air the gas specific gravity SG = 1.0. For low pressure air the compressibility factor is assumed equal to one. Change Module : Related Modules : |
CALCULATOR MODULE : Gas Rectangular Duct Pressure Loss ±
Calculate single phase gas flow in a rectangular duct. The Darcy friction factor can be calculated from the Moody diagram using either the Hagen-Poiseuille laminar flow equation, the original Colebrook White equation or the modified Colebrook White equation. The Moody diagram can be used for rectangular ducts if the Reynolds number is calculated from the hydraulic diameter (equals four times the cross section area divided by the perimeter). Minor losses can be calculated using either the K factor, an equivalent length, equivalent diameters, or the flow coefficient. Change flow coefficient units on the setup page (Av, Kv, or Cv). Change Module : Related Modules : |
CALCULATOR MODULE : API RP 14E General Gas Piping Pressure Loss Equation ±
Calculate API RP 14E gas piping pressure loss from the general equation. The pressure loss is calculated using the Darcy-Weisbach form of the Moody diagram. For low Reynolds numbers Re < 2000, the fluid flow is laminar and the Hagen-Poiseuille laminar flow option should be used. In the transition region 2000 < Re < 4000, the flow is unstable and cannot be reliably calculated. For turbulent flow (Re > 4000), either the original Colebrook White equation or the modified Colebrook White equation can be used. Minor losses are used to account for pipeline fittings such as bends, tees, valves etc. Reference : API 14E Recommended Practice For Design and Installation of Offshore Production Platform Piping Systems Change Module : Related Modules : |
CALCULATOR MODULE : API RP 14E Weymouth Gas Piping Pressure Loss Equation ±
Calculate API RP 14E gas piping pressure loss from the Weymouth equation. The Weymouth equation was developed for fully developed turbulent flow in long pipelines. It is not suitable for low Reynolds number, or short piping sections. Minor losses are used to account for pipeline fittings such as bends, tees, valves etc. Compare the results for the Weymouth equation, the general equation (Moody diagram), and the Panhandle A and B equations. Reference : API 14E Recommended Practice For Design and Installation of Offshore Production Platform Piping Systems Change Module : Related Modules : |
CALCULATOR MODULE : API RP 14E Panhandle Gas Piping Pressure Loss Equation ±
Calculate API RP 14E gas piping pressure loss from the Panhandle equation. The Panhandle equations were developed for fully developed turbulent flow in long pipelines. They are not suitable for low Reynolds number, or short piping sections. Minor losses are used to account for pipeline fittings such as bends, tees, valves etc. Compare the results for the Weymouth equation, the general equation (Moody diagram), and the Panhandle A and B equations. Reference : API 14E Recommended Practice For Design and Installation of Offshore Production Platform Piping Systems Change Module : Related Modules : |
CALCULATOR MODULE : API RP 14E Liquid Piping Pressure Loss Equation ±
Calculate API RP 14E liquid piping pressure loss from the Moody diagram. The pressure loss is calculated using the Darcy-Weisbach form of the Moody diagram. For low Reynolds numbers Re < 2000, the fluid flow is laminar and the Hagen-Poiseuille laminar flow option should be used. In the transition region 2000 < Re < 4000, the flow is unstable and cannot be reliably calculated. For turbulent flow (Re > 4000), either the original Colebrook White equation or the modified Colebrook White equation can be used. Minor losses are used to account for pipeline fittings such as bends, tees, valves etc. Reference : API 14E Recommended Practice For Design and Installation of Offshore Production Platform Piping Systems Change Module : Related Modules : |
CALCULATOR MODULE : Compressible Flow Pressure Loss Factor ±
Calculate compressible flow pressure loss factor for subsonic and supersonic pipe flow. The pressure loss factor is calculated from the Darcy friction factor and the minor loss factors `fld = (f L) / D + K ` where : fld = pressure loss factor
f = Darcy friction factor
L = pipe length
D = pipe internal diameter
K = sum of minor loss factors Minor losses can also be accounted for using an equivalent length. Reference : Fluid Mechanics, Frank M White, McGraw Hill Change Module : Related Modules : |
CALCULATOR MODULE : API 520 Darcy Friction Factor ±
Calculate API 520 Darcy friction factor and pressure loss factor for single phase liquid and single phase gas. The Darcy friction factor can be caclulated from either the Moody diagram or the Von Karman rough pipe equation (API 520 Annex E). At high Reynolds numbers the Moody diagram friction factor is fully turbulent and is dependent on the pipe roughness only. The pressure loss factor (fLe/ID) includes minor losses. Minor losses can be entered as either a K factor, an equivalent added length, or an equivalent added length over diameter ratio. Reference : API 520 Sizing, Selection And Installation Of Pressure Relieving Devices (2014) Change Module : Related Modules : |