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Hydrostatic Pressure Modules

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CALCULATOR MODULE : Bernoulli's Equation   ±

Calculate gas and liquid pressure using the Bernoulli equation.

The Bernoulli equation describes the conservation of energy in a static or moving fluid. For a frictionless fluid flow where no work is done by or to the system and the temperature is constant, energy is conserved. The Bernoulli equation can be expressed as conservation of energy, conservation of pressure or conservation of fluid head. The total pressure is referred to as the Bernoulli pressure (Pb) or the Energy Grade Line (EGL).

`Pb = Ps + Pd + Pz `
`Pg = Ps + Pd `
`Ph = Ps + Pz `

where :

Pb = Bernoulli pressure or total pressure or energy grade line (EGL) (= constant for frictionless flow)
Ps = static pressure
Pz = potential or pressure
Pd = dynamic pressure
Pg = stagnation pressure
Ph = hydraulic or piezometric pressure or hydraulic grade line (HGL)

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CALCULATOR MODULE : Bernoulli's Equation Hydraulic Grade Line   ±

Calculate gas and liquid pipeline hydraulic pressure or hydraulic grade line (HGL) from data points using the Bernoulli equation.

The hydraulic or piezometric pressure is calculated by

`Ph = Ps + Pz `

where :

Ps = static pressure
Pz = potential or pressure
Ph = hydraulic or piezometric pressure (HGL)

For constant diameter pipelines, the friction pressure loss can be calculated from the difference in hydraulic pressure (changes in dynamic pressure are ignored). For gas pipelines, the changes in dynamic pressure are usually small compared to the other terms.

Note : The pressure terms are calculated at the selected data point. The data point option is set to pipe inlet when the page loads. Click calculate to update the data point options to include all of the data points before you select the data point. Click calculate each time you change the position data (X) values, and before you select the data point. Data points can be entered as comma separated values (Xi, Zi, Pi) with each set on a new line, or copy and paste from a spreadsheet.

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CALCULATOR MODULE : Bernoulli's Equation Energy Grade Line   ±

Calculate gas pipeline Bernoulli pressure or energy grade line (EGL) from data points using the Bernoulli equation.

The Bernoulli or total pressure (EGL) is calculated by

`Pb = Ps + Pd + Pz `
`Ph = Ps + Pz `

where :

Pb = Bernoulli pressure or total pressure (EGL)
Ps = static pressure
Pz = potential pressure
Pd = dynamic pressure
Ph = hydraulic or piezometric pressure (HGL)

For constant diameter pipelines, the friction pressure loss can be calculated from the difference in Bernoulli pressure. For gas pipelines, the changes in dynamic pressure are usually small compared to the other terms so that the hydraulic pressure (HGL) can also be used to calculate pressure loss.

Note : The pressure terms are calculated at the selected data point. The data point option is set to pipe inlet when the page loads. Click calculate to update the data point options to include all of the data points before you select the data point. Click calculate each time you change the position data (X) values, and before you select the data point. Data points can be entered as comma separated values (Xi, Zi, Pi) with each set on a new line, or copy and paste from a spreadsheet.

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CALCULATOR MODULE : Bernoulli's Equation Prandtl Tube   ±

Calculate fluid velocity from the pressure difference across a Pitot-Static or Prandtl tube using the Bernoulli equation.

Prandtl tubes or Pitot-Static tubes are used to measure the fluid static pressure, and the fluid stagnation pressure (the sum of the static pressure and the dynamic pressure). The fluid velocity can be calculated from the dynamic pressure. The dynamic pressure is equal to the stagnation pressure minus the static pressure.

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CALCULATOR MODULE : Bernoulli's Equation Flow Meter   ±

Calculate fluid flowrate from flowmeter pressure measurements using the Bernoulli equation.

The flowrate through a flow meter can be calculated from the difference in static pressure using the Bernoulli equation. The discharge coefficient accounts for friction losses through the flow meter. Bernoulli flow meters are normally installed horizontal so that changes in elevation can be ignored.

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CALCULATOR MODULE : Compressible Flow Pitot Tube   ±
CALCULATOR MODULE : Pump Delta Pressure Versus Flowrate Curve   ±

Calculate pump curve (pressure versus flowrate) for viscous and non viscous flow. Viscous flow is recommended if the kinematic viscosity is greater than 20 cSt.

The pump curve is calculated using a three term quadratic curve (ΔP = ΔPo - A Q - B Q^2) calculated from the shut-in delta pressure (zero flow), the maximum flowrate, and the best efficiency point (BEP).

Note : The delta stagnation pressure is required for the calculation. Some pump curves show delta static pressure (the pressure equals zero at maximum flow) instead of delta stagnation pressure (the pressure equals the dynamic pressure at maximum flow). Use the pump pressure and head conversion calculator to convert delta static pressure to delta stagnation pressure.

The pump flowrate, delta pressure, inside diameter and efficiency can be scaled for a geometrically similar pump using the affinity or similarity laws. For geometric similarity the pump inside diameter should be proportional to the impeller diameter. In practice the pump inside diameter is usually limited to pipe sizes (eg 10 inch, 12 inch etc). The impeller diameter is also normally limited to fixed sizes. It is often more practical to select an available pump inside diameter and impeller diameter, and vary the pump speed. Pump efficiency scaling is based on an empirical formula. Pump efficiency scaling should be combined with flowrate scaling. Pump efficiency varies with flowrate. Pump performance is normally measured using water (density is assumed to be 1000 kg/m^3).

PLEASE NOTE : The pump calculators are currently being updated. Apologies for any inconvenience.

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