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CALCULATOR MODULE : Pipeline Flow Rate ±
Calculate fluid flow rate for single phase liquids, single phase gases, and two phase fluids. Fluid flow rate can be measured by volume flow rate, mass flow rate, mole flow rate, and velocity. Related Modules : |
CALCULATOR MODULE : Compressible Flow Speed Of Sound ±
Calculate gas and liquid speed of sound and Mach number. The Mach number is the ratio of the flow velocity to the speed of sound. It applies to either a moving fluid or to a moving object passing through stationary fluid. For a Mach number greater than one, the flow is supersonic. For a Mach number less than one, the flow is subsonic. For an ideal gas, the speed of sound or sonic velocity can be calculated from the gas temperature, gas specific heat ratio and the gas specific gravity. For liquids the speed of sound can be calculated from the liquid bulk modulus and the liquid density. Reference : Fluid Mechanics, Frank M White, McGraw Hill Change Module : Related Modules : |
CALCULATOR MODULE : Compressible Flow Area And Internal Diameter ±
Calculate compressible flow cross section area and diameter. Pipe inside diameter and internal cross section area are calculated from the pipe diameter and wall thickness. Use the Result Table option to display a table of the inside diameter and cross section area versus either outside diameter or wall thickness. Effective nozzle orifice diameter and cross section area for pressure relief valves is calculated from API letter designation (API 526 type D to T). The combination of valve and nozzle must be tested with the operating fluid, and certified as having a flow rate greater than or equal to the calculated flow rate for the effective size. Use the Result Table option to display the effective diameter and cross section area versus API letter designation. Reference : Fluid Mechanics, Frank M White, McGraw Hill Change Module : Related Modules : |
CALCULATOR MODULE : DNVGL RP F115 Pipeline Temperature Correction ±
Calculate DNVGL RP-F115 change in test pressure due to changes in pipeline temperature. Reference : DNVGL-RP-F115 Pre-commissioning of Submarine Pipelines (Download from the DNVGL website) Change Module : Related Modules : |
CALCULATOR MODULE : Fresh Water Bulk Modulus ±
Calculate fresh water density and bulk modulus from temperature using Kell's equations (1975). Kells equations are valid for temperatures from 0 to 100 C, at atmospheric pressure. The calculations are based on the 1968 international temperature scale (IPTS-68). Change Module : Related Modules : |
CALCULATOR MODULE : Pump Delta Temperature ±
Calculate pump power loss and temperature rise due to pump inefficiency. The delta temperature across the pump can be calculated by: `Wh = ΔP Q `
`Wi = (Wh) / E `
`Wp = Wi - Wh `
`ΔTp = (Wp) / (ρ.Q.cp) = (1/E-1 ) (ΔP Q) / (ρ.Q.cp) ` where : Q = flowrate
ΔP = delta pressure
Wh = hydraulic power
Wi = pump input power
Wp = pump power lost to inefficiency
ΔTp = delta temperature across pump
ρ = fluid density
cp = fluid specific heat
E = pump efficiency factor The hydraulic power is the energy added to the fluid by the pump. The input power is the power required to drive the pump, including pump inefficiencies. The power loss is equal to the difference between the input power and the hydraulic power. The pump efficiency 0 ≤ E ≤ 1. For closed system piping where the entire pump power is lost as system friction losses, the system fluid temperature rise can be calculated by `ΔTs = (Wi) / (ρ.Q.cp). ` where : ΔTs = system delta temperature PLEASE NOTE : The pump calculators are currently being updated. Apologies for any inconvenience. Change Module : |
CALCULATOR MODULE : Single Phase Gas Density ±
Calculate gas density from temperature, pressure and specific gravity for single phase gas. Gas density is calculated using the ideal gas equations, with the compressibility factor Z. The gas specific gravity is approximately equal to the ratio of the gas molar mass over the molar mass of air (28.964 g/mol). Change Module : Related Modules : |
CALCULATOR MODULE : Gas Compressibility Factor From The Cubic Equation ±
Calculate gas compressibility factor or Z factor from the cubic equation (Poling). The compressibility factor is used to account for the non ideal behaviour of real gases. The non ideal gas law is expressed as `P V = Z Ro T ` where : P = gas pressure
T = gas temperature
V = gas mole volume
Z = gas compressibility factor
Ro = universal gas constant The compressibility factor can be calculated using either the Peng Robinson, Soave, Redlich Kwong or Van Der Waals cubic equations of state (EOS). The gas data is taken from Poling. Reference : Poling, Prausnitz And O'Connell : The Properties of Gases And Liquids : McGraw Hill Change Module : Related Modules : |
CALCULATOR MODULE : Fluid Mixture From Kay's Rule ±
Calculate pseudo-critical properties (temperature, pressure, accentric factor, molar mass) of a fluid mixture using the simple form of Kay's rule with no interaction parameters. The mole fraction of component one is automatically adjusted so that the sum of the mole fractions equals one. The mixture properties are approximate. Related Modules : |
CALCULATOR MODULE : Fluid Vapour Pressure ±
Calculate fluid vapour pressure versus temperature. Related Modules : |
CALCULATOR MODULE : IAPWS R7-97 Steam Table ±
Calculate IAPWS R7-97 steam tables from temperature and pressure. Steam table properties can be calculated for water and steam, saturated water, saturated steam, saturated water and steam, metastable water, and metastable steam. Note : There is an anomaly in the steam calculation for region 3 between the saturated vapour line, the region 2/3 boundary, and the critical pressure. Refer to the region 3 anomaly help page for more details (click the utility button on the data bar). IAPWS R7-97 is intended for industrial use, and is a simplified version of IAPWS R6-95 for scientific use. IAPWS R7-97 was developed as an improvement of the IFC-67 model. Reference : IAPWS R7-97 Industrial Formulation for thermodynamic Properties of Water and Steam Change Module : |
CALCULATOR MODULE : IAPWS R7-97 Steam Quality ±
Calculate IAPWS R7-97 wet saturated steam quality from throttling calorimeter outlet temperature. The steam expansion through the calorimeter is assumed to be adiabatic. The outlet pressure is normally atmospheric. The calculation is only valid for dry steam at the outlet of the calorimeter. Wet steam will give an incorrect result. Note : There is an anomaly in the steam calculation for region 3 between the saturated vapour line, the region 2/3 boundary, and the critical pressure. Refer to the region 3 anomaly help page for more details (click the utility button on the data bar). IAPWS R7-97 is intended for industrial use, and is a simplified version of IAPWS R6-95 for scientific use. IAPWS R7-97 was developed as an improvement of the IFC-67 model. Reference : IAPWS R7-97 Industrial Formulation for thermodynamic Properties of Water and Steam Change Module : |
CALCULATOR MODULE : TEOS-10 Seawater Density ±
Calculate TEOS-10 seawater density from temperature, pressure and practical salinity. The hydrostatic pressure used in TEOS-10 can be calculated from water depth or relative elevation. The water density is assumed constant. Changes in water density with water depth, salinity and temperature are ignored. Elevation is measured relative to an arbitrary datum (+ve up -ve down). Mean sea level (MSL) is often used as a datum. Reference : TEOS-10 Thermodynamic Equation Of Seawater (2010) Change Module : Related Modules : |
CALCULATOR MODULE : TEOS-10 Seawater Conductivity ±
Calculate TEOS-10 seawater conductivity from pressure, temperature and practical salinity. Practical salinity is measured by comparing the sea water conductivity with a reference conductivity. To convert pressure: 1 MPa = 100 dbar (deci bars) or 1 dbar = 1e4 Pa. To convert conductivity 1 S/m = 10 mS/cm. Reference : TEOS-10 Thermodynamic Equation Of Seawater (2010) Change Module : Related Modules : |
CALCULATOR MODULE : TEOS-10 Seawater Salinity ±
Calculate TEOS-10 seawater practical salinity from pressure, temperature and conductivity. Practical salinity is measured by comparing the sea water conductivity with a reference conductivity. To convert pressure: 1 MPa = 100 dbar (deci bars) or 1 dbar = 1e4 Pa. To convert conductivity 1 S/m = 10 mS/cm. Reference : TEOS-10 Thermodynamic Equation Of Seawater (2010) Change Module : Related Modules : |
CALCULATOR MODULE : TEOS-10 Seawater Dynamic And Kinematic Viscosity ±
Calculate TEOS-10 seawater dynamic and kinematic viscosity from temperature, pressure, and practical salinity. Seawater viscosity is calculated from fresh water viscosity using the equation from Sharqawy (2010). The fresh water viscosity is calculated from temperature and density using the IAPWS R12-08 industrial equations. Practical salinity = parts per thousand of dissolved solids (mainly salt). The absolute salinity is taken as 35.16504 / 35 times the practical salinity (absolute salinity equals reference salinity). The absolute salinity anomaly δSA is ignored. Reference : TEOS-10 Thermodynamic Equation Of Seawater (2010) Change Module : Related Modules : |
CALCULATOR MODULE : TEOS-10 Seawater Vapour Pressure ±
Calculate TEOS-10 seawater vapour pressure from temperature, and practical salinity. Seawater vapour pressure is calculated from fresh water vapour pressure using the equation from Sharqawy (2010). The fresh water vapour pressure is calculated from temperature using the IAPWS R7-97 steam equations. Practical salinity = parts per thousand of dissolved solids (mainly salt). The absolute salinity is taken as 35.16504 / 35 times the practical salinity (absolute salinity equals reference salinity). The absolute salinity anomaly δSA is ignored. Reference : TEOS-10 Thermodynamic Equation Of Seawater (2010) Change Module : Related Modules : |
CALCULATOR MODULE : IAPWS R12-08 Fresh Water Dynamic And Kinematic Viscosity ±
Calculate the dynamic viscosity and kinematic viscosity of water and steam using the IAPWS R12-08 industrial equation (u2 = 1). The viscosity can be either calculated directly from temperature and density, or from temperature and pressure using IAPWS R7-97 to calculate the density. Note : There is an anomaly in the calculated density and viscosity close to the critical point. Refer to the help pages for more details (click the utility button on the data bar). References : IAPWS R12-08 Industrial Formulation 2008 for the Viscosity of Ordinary Water Substance
IAPWS R7-97 Industrial Formulation for thermodynamic Properties of Water and Steam Related Modules : |
DATA MODULE : Fluid Density And Specific Gravity ( Open In Popup Workbook ) ±
Fluid density and specific gravity data. For gases, the specific gravity is generally measured relative to air. For liquids, the specific gravity is generally measured relative to water. Related Modules : |
DATA MODULE : Fluid Dynamic And Kinematic Viscosity ( Open In Popup Workbook ) ±
Fluid dynamic and kinematic viscosity data. The kinematic viscosity is equal to the dynamic viscosity divided by the fluid density. Related Modules : |