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Sine Rule Modules

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CALCULATOR MODULE : Maths Trigonometry   ±

Calculate the maths trigonometric functions (sin, cos, tan, cosec, sec and cot), and the inverse trigonometric functions (asin, acos, atan, acosec, asec, and acot).

The trigonometric fuctions are circular functions calculated for a right angle triangle with a hypotenuse equals 1 and angle θ. The base length of the triangle = cos(θ). The height of the triangle equals sin(θ). The slope of the hypotenuse equals tan(θ), equals sin(θ) / cos(θ). From Pythagorus' formula cos(θ)^2 + sin(θ)^2 = 1. The functions cosec (1/sin), sec (1/cos) and cot (1/tan) were mainly used for navigation.

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CALCULATOR MODULE : Maths Right Angle Triangle (Pythagorus)   ±

Calculate maths triangle sides, heights and angles for a right angled triangle.

The area is calculated from the base and height. Angles, sides and heights can be calculated using cos, sin, tan, and Pythagorus theorem.

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CALCULATOR MODULE : Maths Scalene Triangle (Three Unequal Sides)   ±

Calculate maths triangle sides, heights and angles for a scalene triangle.

Scalene triangles have three unequal sides, and three unequal angles. The area is calculated from the base and height. Angles, sides and heights can be calculated using the sin rule and the cosine rule.

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CALCULATOR MODULE : Maths Equilateral Triangle (Three Equal Sides)   ±

Calculate maths triangle sides, heights and angles for an equilateral triangle.

Equilateral triangles have three equal sides, and three equal angles (60 degrees). The area is calculated from the base and height.

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CALCULATOR MODULE : Maths Isoceles Triangle (Two Equal Sides)   ±

Calculate maths triangle sides, heights and angles for an isoceles triangle.

Isoceles triangles have two equal sides, and two ewqqual angles. The area is calculated from the base and height. The sides and angles can be calculated using the sin rule and the cosine rule.

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CALCULATOR MODULE : Maths Hyperbolic Functions   ±

Calculate maths hyperbolic functions (sinh, cosh, tanh, csch (1/sinh), sech (1/cosh), and coth (1/tanh)), and hyperbolic inverse functions (asinh, acosh, atanh, asch, asech, acoth).

The hyperbolic functions are defined as

`cosh(x) = (e^x + e^-x) / 2 `
`sinh(x) = (e^x - e^-x) / 2 `
`tanh(x) = sinh(x) / cosh(x) `
`cosh(x)^2 - sinh(x)^2 = 1`

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CALCULATOR MODULE : Line Pipe Fluid Mass And Volume   ±
CALCULATOR MODULE : ASME B31.3 Process Piping Bend   ±

Calculate ASME B31.3 process piping minimum thickness for formed bends, and allowable pressure for miter bends.

Minimum thickness of formed bends is calculated for the inside radius, the oputside radius, and the centerline radius. Bend thinning on the outside radius is estimated using the method from ASME B31.1. The estimated minimum bend thickness after thinning should be ≥ the required minimum bend thickness on the outside radius (extrados). Use the goal seek option to calculate the required straight pipe nominal wall thickness (before bending), for the minimum thickness on the outside radius (after bending).

The allowable pressure for miter bends is calculated from the nominal wall thickness. Use the goal seek option to calculate the required miter bend nominal wall thickness for the design pressure. Use the workbook ASME B31.3 data tables to look up allowable stress data.

Reference : ANSI/ASME B31.3 : Process Piping (2018)

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CALCULATOR MODULE : ASME B31G Level 1 Defect Assessment   ±

Calculate ASME B31G level 1 corrosion defect assessment for blunt type defects.

The level 1 assessment calculates the allowable pressure from the maximum defect depth and defect length, using either the original ASME B31G method (1999), or the modified ASME B31G method. Pressure derating is required if the allowable pressure is less than the maximum operating pressure.

The flow stress can be calculated as either 1.1 x SMYS, SMYS + 69 MPa, or 1/2 (SMYS + SMTS). For pipelines operating at high temperature, the SMYS and SMTS should be derated.

For submerged pipelines, or to calculate the allowable pressure at a reference elevation, use the level 1 calculator including elevation. The allowable local pressure is calculated including external pressure (use the external pressure = 0 for dry pipelines). The allowable reference pressure is calculated from the local allowable pressure, and the relative elevation.

ASME B31G is suitable for blunt defects of all types, including corrosion, mechanical damage and grinding repairs etc. For crack type defects the NG-18 crack defect calculators are recommended. The effective area method can also be used for blunt defects.

Reference : ANSI/ASME B31G Manual For Determining The Remaining Strength Of Corroded Pipelines (2012)

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CALCULATOR MODULE : ASME B31.1 Power Piping Bend   ±
CALCULATOR MODULE : AGA NG18 Level 1 Defect Assessment   ±

Calculate AGA NG-18 level 1 crack defect assessment.

The level 1 assessment calculates the allowable pressure from the maximum defect depth and defect length. Pressure derating is required if the allowable pressure is less than the maximum operating pressure.

The flow stress can be calculated as either 1.1 x SMYS, SMYS + 69 MPa, or 1/2 (SMYS + SMTS). For pipelines operating at high temperature, the SMYS and SMTS should be derated.

For submerged pipelines, or to calculate the allowable pressure at a reference elevation, use the level 1 calculator including elevation. The allowable local pressure is calculated including external pressure (use the external pressure = 0 for dry pipelines). The allowable reference pressure is calculated from the local allowable pressure, and the relative elevation.

AGA NG-18 is suitable for crack defects. For blunt defects including corrosion, mechanical damage and grinding repairs etc the ASME B31G or RSTRENG calculators are recommended.

Reference : AGA Pipeline Research Committee NG-18 Report 204 Ductile Fracture Properties of Selected Linepipe Steels

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CALCULATOR MODULE : PRCI PR 3805 RSTRENG Level 1 0.85 RSTRENG   ±

Calculate the PR-3-805 RSTRENG level 1 (0.85 RSTRENG) corrosion defect assessment for blunt defects.

Use the level 1 caculators to calculate the allowable pressure from the maximum defect depth and the defect length using the 0.85 RSTRENG method. Pressure derating is required if the allowable pressure is less than the maximum operating pressure. The measured pipe diameter and wall thickness should be used in the calculations.

PR-3-805 RSTRENG is suitable for blunt corrosion defects and mechanical damage defects (eg from grinding). ASME B31G is also suitable for blunt defects. AGA NG-18 is suitable for crack type defects.

The calculators which include elevation can be used to include external pressure, and to calculate the allowable pressure at a reference elevation (for Example to calculate the allowable pressure at the pressure control location). Set the external pressure = 0 for dry pipelines.

For pipelines operating above 120 C the yield stress and ultimate stress should be derated. Material test data should be used if it is available. Flow stress can be calculated using either the RSTRENG equation, or the ASME equation.

Reference : PRCI, Pipeline Research Committee Project, PR-3-805, “A Modified Criterion for Evaluating the Remaining Strength of Corroded Pipe,” December 22, 1989, PRCI PR-3-805 (R-STRENG) With RSTRENG Disk.

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CALCULATOR MODULE : ASME B31 Stress Intensity Factor   ±
CALCULATOR MODULE : DNVGL RP-F101 Single Corrosion Defect   ±

Calculate DNVGL RP F101 allowable pressure for single corrosion defects.

Allowable pressure can be calculated for pressure load only for single longitudinal defects. For circumferential defects, or defects with compressive axial load use the combined pressure and compression load calculator. For circumferential defects the defect width is greater than the defect length. The allowable pressure can be calculated using either the calibrated safety factor (CSF) in section 3, or allowable stress design (ASD) in section 4. The system effect factor accounts for the measurement uncertainty when there are multiple defects of a similar size.

Reference : DNVGL-RP-F101 : Corroded Pipelines (Download from the DNVGL website)

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CALCULATOR MODULE : Liquid Pipeline Pressure Loss From The Darcy Weisbach Equation   ±

Calculate single phase liquid pipeline pressure loss using the Darcy Weisbach equation.

`Po = P - (fd L / (ID) + K) 1/2 ρ V^2 + ρ g (zi - zo) `

where :

Po = outlet pressure
P = inlet pressure
fd = Darcy friction factor
L = piping length
ID = piping inside diameter
K = total friction loss factor for fittings
ρ = fluid density
V = fluid velocity
g = gravity constant
zi = inlet elevation
zo = outlet elevation

The Darcy friction factor can be calculated for

  • Hagen-Poiseuille laminar flow equation
  • original Colebrook White equation
  • modified Colebrook White equation
  • Prandtl Nikuradse smooth pipe equation
  • Blasius smooth pipe equation
  • Colebrook smooth pipe equation
  • Miller smooth pipe equation
  • Konakov smooth pipe equation
  • Von Karman rough pipe equation

For low Reynolds numbers Re < 2000, the fluid flow is laminar and the Darcy friction factor should be calculated using the Hagen-Poiseuille laminar flow equation. For high Reynolds numbers Re > 4000, the fluid flow is turbulent and the Darcy friction factor should be calculated using one of the turbulent flow equations. In the transition region 2000 < Re < 4000, the flow is unstable and the friction loss cannot be reliably calculated. The minor loss K factor is used to account for pipeline fittings such as bends, tees, valves etc..

The calculators use the Darcy-Weisbach pressure loss equation. The Fanning friction factor is used with the Fanning pressure loss equation. The transmission factors are commonly used for gas flow. The results for the Darcy and Fanning equations are identical provided that the correct friction factor is used.

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CALCULATOR MODULE : Liquid Pipeline Chemical Dose Rate   ±

Calculate single phase liquid pipeline, liquid chemical dose volume fraction, mass fraction, volume ratio, mass ratio, and average fluid density.

`Xv = (Vd) / (Vf) `
`Mv = (Md) / (Mf) `
`Rv = 1 : (Xl) / (Xd) = 1 : (1/(Xv) - 1) `
`Rm = 1 : (Ml) / (Md) = 1 : (1/(Xm) - 1) `
`Vf = Vd + Vl `
`Mf = Md + Ml `
`ρf = Xv. ρd + (1-Xv) ρl `

where :

Xv = dose volume fraction
Mv = dose mass fraction
Rv = dose volume ratio (1 : liquid volume / dose volume rounded)
Rm = dose mass ratio (1 : liquid mass / dose mass rounded)
Vf = total fluid volume
Vd = dose volume
Vl = liquid volume (before dosing)
Mf = total fluid mass
Md = dose mass
Ml = liquid mass (before dosing)
ρf = average fluid density (dosed)
ρd = dose chemical density
ρl = liquid density (before dosing)

The average fluid density includes the dosing chemical (combined undosed liquid and dose chemical). The volume of mixing is assumed to be equal to the sum of the individual volumes. The dose amount can be calculated from either the liquid volume (before dosing), or the total fluid volume. he dose rate can be calculated from either the liquid flowrate (before dosing), or the total fluid flowrate.

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CALCULATOR MODULE : Liquid Pipeline Pressure Loss From The Moody Diagram   ±

Calculate pressure loss for single phase liquid pipelines and ducts using the Darcy Weisbach version of the Moody Diagram.

`fdl = 64/(Re) `
`1/(√fdo) = -2 log10(r/3.7 + 2.51 / (Re √(fdo))) `
`1/(√fdm) = -2 log10(r/3.7 + 2.825 / (Re √(fdm))) `

where :

fdl = Hagen-Poiseuille laminar flow equation Darcy friction factor
fdo = original Colebrook White equation Darcy friction factor
fdm = modified Colebrook White equation Darcy friction factor
Re = Reynolds number
r = relative roughness

For low Reynolds numbers Re < 2000, the fluid flow is laminar and the Darcy friction factor should be calculated using the Hagen-Poiseuille laminar flow equation. For high Reynolds numbers Re > 4000, the fluid flow is turbulent and the Darcy friction factor should be calculated using one of the turbulent flow equations. In the transition region 2000 < Re < 4000, the flow is unstable and the friction loss cannot be reliably calculated. The minor loss K factor is used to account for pipeline fittings such as bends, tees, valves etc..

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CALCULATOR MODULE : Liquid Pipeline Pressure Loss From The AGA Equation   ±

Calculate pressure loss for single phase liquid pipelines using the AGA equation.

`Tr = 4 log(3.7 / (rr)) `
`Ts = 4 log((Re) / (Ts)) - 0.6 `
`Tt = 4 Df log((Re) / (1.4125 Ts)) `
`Tf = min(Tr, Tt) `
`fd = (2 / (Tf))^2 `

where :

Tr = rough pipe transmission factor
Ts = smooth pipe transmission factor
Tt = turbulent pipe transmission factor
Tf= Fanning transmission factor
fd = Darcy friction factor
rr = pipe relative roughness
Re = Reynolds number
Df = AGA drag factor

The AGA equation is used to calculate the Fanning transmission factor using an iteration method. Check that the convergence is close to or equal to one. The pressure loss is calculated from the Darcy friction factor using the Darcy-Weisbach equation. For low Reynolds numbers Re < 2000, the fluid flow is laminar and the Darcy friction factor should be calculated using the Hagen-Poiseuille laminar flow equation. For high Reynolds numbers Re > 4000, the fluid flow is turbulent and the Darcy friction factor should be calculated using the AGA equation. In the transition region 2000 < Re < 4000, the flow is unstable and the friction loss cannot be reliably calculated.

Pipe bends can be specified as either a bend angle, AGA bend index (degrees of bend per mile), or AGA drag factor. The drag factor is interpolated from the AGA table. The drag factor includes pipe roughness. Valves, tees and other pipe fittings should be included by adding a minor loss equivalent length to the pipeline length.

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CALCULATOR MODULE : Water Pipeline Pressure Loss From The Hazen Williams Equation   ±

Calculate pressure loss for single phase liquid pipelines using the Hazen Williams equation. For SI units

`Q = 0.85 c.A.rh^0.63 s^0.54 `
`rh = ID/4 `

where :

Q = flow rate
A = cross section area
ID = inside diameter
rh = hydraulic radius
s = channel slope
c = Hazen Williams friction factor

The Hazen Williams equation was developed for water pipes. Pipe roughness is accounted for using the Hazen Williams friction factor. The hydraulic radius is the ratio of pipe cross section area over pipe circumference (r/2 = ID/4). Valves, tees and other pipe fittings should be included by adding a minor loss equivalent length to the pipeline length.

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CALCULATOR MODULE : Water Open Channel Or Culvert Flow Rate From The Manning Equation   ±

Calculate flowrate in circular or rectangular water channels using the Manning equation.

`Q = A (rh^2)/3 s^(1/2) / n `
`rh = A/P `

where :

Q = flow rate
A = cross section area
P = wetted perimeter
rh = hydraulic radius
s = channel slope
n = Manning friction factor

The channel is assumed to be either open, or partly full and at ambient pressure. The head loss equals the change in elevation. Channel roughness is accounted for using the Manning friction factor. The hydraulic radius is the ratio of channel cross section area over the wetted perimeter. Valves, tees and other pipe fittings should be included by adding a minor loss equivalent length to the pipeline length.

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CALCULATOR MODULE : Liquid Pipeline Vent   ±

Calculate single phase liquid flow rate through a constant diameter vent.

The vent entry is assumed to be a pressure vessel or piping at stagnation pressure (valid when the pipe or vessel diameter is much greater than the vent diameter). Vent flowrate is calculated from the vent pressure loss factor.

`fld = fL/D + K `

where :

fld = pressure loss factor
f = Darcy friction factor
L = pipe length
D = pipe inside diameter
K = sum of fitting friction factors

Minor losses should include the vent entry, vent exit, valves and bends etc. The discharge coefficient can be used to factor the flow rate, depending on the design requirements.

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CALCULATOR MODULE : Liquid Rectangular Duct Pressure Loss   ±

Calculate single phase liquid flow in a rectangular duct.

The Moody diagram is valid for rectangular ducts provided that the Reynolds number is calculated from the hydraulic diameter (equal to four times the cross section area divided by the perimeter). The Darcy friction factor can be calculated from the Moody diagram using either the Hagen-Poiseuille laminar flow equation, the original Colebrook White equation or the modified Colebrook White equation. The minor loss K factor is used to account for pipeline fittings such as bends, tees, valves etc.. Change flow coefficient units on the setup page (Av, Kv, or Cv).

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CALCULATOR MODULE : Liquid Pipeline Fluid Density Viscosity And Specific Gravity   ±
CALCULATOR MODULE : Liquid Pipeline Fluid Mass And Volume   ±

Calculate single phase liquid pipeline fluid mass and volume from fluid density and pipe length.

Pipe volume can be specified by volume, mass, or pipe length. Fluid density can be defined by density, specific gravity, degrees Baume, degrees Twaddell, or degrees API. For liquids lighter than or equal to water the density can be defined as degrees API, or degrees Baume (Be-). For liquids heavier than water the density can be defined by degrees Baume (Be+), or degrees Twaddell.

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CALCULATOR MODULE : Liquid Pipeline Fluid Velocity And Flow Rate   ±
CALCULATOR MODULE : Liquid Pipeline Local Pressure   ±
CALCULATOR MODULE : Liquid Pipeline Unit Weight   ±

Calculate single phase liquid pipeline unit mass (mass per length), and unit weight (weight per length).

Pipe unit mass (mass per length) and pipe unit weight (weight per length) can be calculated for multi layer pipelines (dry empty, dry full, wet empty and wet full pipelines). The pipe diameter can be defined by either the outside diameter or the inside diameter. For multi layer pipelines, the first internal layer is the line pipe. The line pipe diameter and thickness are calculated from the pipe schedule. Change the number of layers on the setup page.

Use the Result Table option to display a table of pipe mass and weight versus wall thickness for the selected diameter.

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CALCULATOR MODULE : Gas Pipeline Pressure Loss From The Moody Diagram   ±

Calculate pressure loss for single phase gas pipelines using the Darcy Weisbach version of the Moody Diagram.

`fdl = 64/(Re) `
`1/(√fdo) = -2 log10(r/3.7 + 2.51 / (Re √(fdo))) `
`1/(√fdm) = -2 log10(r/3.7 + 2.825 / (Re √(fdm))) `

where :

fdl = Hagen-Poiseuille laminar flow equation Darcy friction factor
fdo = original Colebrook White equation Darcy friction factor
fdm = modified Colebrook White equation Darcy friction factor
Re = Reynolds number
r = relative roughness

For low Reynolds numbers Re < 2000, the fluid flow is laminar and the Darcy friction factor should be calculated using the Hagen-Poiseuille laminar flow equation. For high Reynolds numbers Re > 4000, the fluid flow is turbulent and the Darcy friction factor should be calculated using one of the turbulent flow equations. In the transition region 2000 < Re < 4000, the flow is unstable and the friction loss cannot be reliably calculated. The minor loss K factor is used to account for pipeline fittings such as bends, tees, valves etc..

The calculators use the Darcy-Weisbach version of the Moody diagram. The Fanning transmission factor combined with the Fanning equation is commonly used for gas flow. The results for the Darcy and Fanning equations are identical provided that the correct friction factor is used.

`ff = (fd) / 4 `
`tf = 1 / (√ff)= 2 / (√fd) `

where :

fd = Darcy friction factor
ff = Fanning friction factor
tf = Fanning transmission factor

The gas specific gravity is the ratio of gas density over the density of dry air at base temperature and pressure. The compressibility factor is assumed to equal 1 at the base conditions. The gas specific gravity is proportional to the gas molar mass.

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CALCULATOR MODULE : Gas Pipeline Pressure Loss From The AGA Equation   ±

Calculate pressure loss for single phase gas pipelines using the AGA equation.

`Tr = 4 log(3.7 / (rr)) `
`Ts = 4 log((Re) / (Ts)) - 0.6 `
`Tt = 4 Df log((Re) / (1.4125 Ts)) `
`Tf = min(Tr, Tt) `
`fd = (2 / (Tf))^2 `

where :

Tr = rough pipe transmission factor
Ts = smooth pipe transmission factor
Tt = turbulent pipe transmission factor
Tf= Fanning transmission factor
fd = Darcy friction factor
rr = pipe relative roughness
Re = Reynolds number
Df = AGA drag factor

The AGA equation is used to calculate the Fanning transmission factor using an iteration method. Check that the convergence is close to or equal to one. The pressure loss is calculated from the Darcy friction factor using the Darcy-Weisbach equation. For low Reynolds numbers Re < 2000, the fluid flow is laminar and the Darcy friction factor should be calculated using the Hagen-Poiseuille laminar flow equation. For high Reynolds numbers Re > 4000, the fluid flow is turbulent and the Darcy friction factor should be calculated using the AGA equation. In the transition region 2000 < Re < 4000, the flow is unstable and the friction loss cannot be reliably calculated.

Pipe bends can be specified as either a bend angle, AGA bend index (degrees of bend per mile), or AGA drag factor. The drag factor is interpolated from the AGA table. The drag factor includes pipe roughness. Valves, tees and other pipe fittings should be included by adding a minor loss equivalent length to the pipeline length.

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CALCULATOR MODULE : Gas Pipeline Pressure Loss From The Weymouth And Panhandle Equation   ±

Calculate pressure loss for single phase gas pipelines using either the Weymouth equation, the Panhandle A equation, the Panhandle B equation, or the general equation (user defined Darcy friction factor).

`Q = 77.57 ((Tb) / (Pb)) ((P^2 - ess. Po^2) / (SG .T. L. ls Z. fd))^0.5 D^2.5 `General ` `
`Q = 433.5 ((Tb) / (Pb)) E ((P^2 - ess. Po^2) / (SG .T. L. ls. Z))^0.5 D^2.667 `Weymouth` `
`Q = 437.87 ((Tb) / (Pb))^1.0788 E ((P^2 - ess. Po^2) / (SG^0.8539. T .L. ls. Z))^0.5394 D^2.6182 `Panhandle A` `
`Q = 738.73 ((Tb) / (Pb))^1.02 E ((P^2 - ess. Po^2) / (SG^0.961. T. L. ls. Z))^0.51 D^2.53 `Panhandle B` `
`ss = (z2 - z2) SG. mma. g / (Ro T Z) `
`es = exp(ss) `
`ls = (es^2 - 1) / (ss) `

where :

Q = mole flowrate (SCFD)
Po = outlet pressure (psia)
P = inlet pressure (psia)
Tb = base temperature (60 F)
Pb = base pressure (1 atm)
fd = Darcy friction factor
E = efficiency factor
L = piping length (mi)
D = piping inside diameter (in)
K = total friction loss factor for fittings
g = gravity constant
zi = inlet elevation
zo = outlet elevation
ss = elevation exponent
es = elevation pressure factor
ls = elevation length factor

Pipe roughness can be accounted for using the efficiency factor. Minor losses such as bends, valves, tees and other pipe fittings should be included by adding a minor loss equivalent length to the pipeline length. The calculations are not suitable for laminar flow.

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CALCULATOR MODULE : Gas Pipeline Line Pack   ±
CALCULATOR MODULE : Low Pressure Air Pressure Loss From The Moody Diagram   ±

Calculate pressure loss for low pressure air circular and rectangular ducts using the Moody diagram.

The calculators use the Darcy-Weisbach pressure loss equation. For low Reynolds numbers Re < 2000, the fluid flow is laminar and the Darcy friction factor should be calculated using the Hagen-Poiseuille laminar flow equation. For high Reynolds numbers Re > 4000, the fluid flow is turbulent and the Darcy friction factor should be calculated using one of the turbulent flow equations. In the transition region 2000 < Re < 4000, the flow is unstable and the friction loss cannot be reliably calculated.

Minor losses can be entered as either a K friction factor, a length, or length over diameter ratio. The minor losses are used to account for pipeline fittings such as bends, tees, valves etc.. :sg:For air the gas specific gravity SG = 1.0. For low pressure air the compressibility factor is assumed equal to one.

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CALCULATOR MODULE : Gas Rectangular Duct Pressure Loss   ±

Calculate single phase gas flow in a rectangular duct.

The Darcy friction factor can be calculated from the Moody diagram using either the Hagen-Poiseuille laminar flow equation, the original Colebrook White equation or the modified Colebrook White equation. The Moody diagram can be used for rectangular ducts if the Reynolds number is calculated from the hydraulic diameter (equals four times the cross section area divided by the perimeter). Minor losses can be calculated using either the K factor, an equivalent length, equivalent diameters, or the flow coefficient. Change flow coefficient units on the setup page (Av, Kv, or Cv).

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CALCULATOR MODULE : Gas Pipeline Fluid Density And Specific Gravity   ±
CALCULATOR MODULE : Gas Pipeline Fluid Mass And Volume   ±

Calculate single phase gas pipeline fluid mass and volume.

Fluid mass and volume can be calculated from fluid volume, fluid mass, or pipeline length. Gas density is calculated from temperature and pressure. The gas specific gravity is the ratio of gas density over the density of dry air at base temperature and pressure. The compressibility factor is assumed to equal 1 at the base conditions. The gas specific gravity is proportional to the gas molar mass.

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CALCULATOR MODULE : Gas Pipeline Fluid Velocity And Flow Rate   ±
CALCULATOR MODULE : Gas Pipeline Local Pressure   ±
CALCULATOR MODULE : Gas Pipeline Mass And Weight   ±

Calculate single phase gas pipeline unit mass (mass per length), and unit weight (weight per length).

Pipe unit mass (mass per length) and pipe unit weight (weight per length) can be calculated for multi layer pipelines (dry empty, dry full, wet empty and wet full pipelines). The pipe diameter can be defined by either the outside diameter or the inside diameter. For multi layer pipelines, the first internal layer is the line pipe. The line pipe diameter and thickness are calculated from the pipe schedule. Change the number of layers on the setup page.

Use the Result Table option to display a table of pipe mass and weight versus wall thickness for the selected diameter.

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CALCULATOR MODULE : API RP 14E Maximum Erosional Velocity   ±

Calculate API RP 14E maximum allowable erosional velocity for platform piping systems.

The fluid density can be calculated for single phase gas, single phase liquid, two phase gas liquid, or three phase black oil (gas oil and water). The erosional velocity is calculated from the fluid density and the C Factor. Equation 2.14 in API RP 14E uses FPS units. The API RP 14E calculators have been factored to use SI units.

For fluids with no entrained solids a maximum C value of 100 for continuous service, or 125 for intermittent service can be used. For fluids treated with corrosion inhibitor, or for corrosion resistant materials a maximum C value of 150 to 200 may be used for continuous service, and upto 250 for intermittent service. For fluids with solids, the C value should be significantly reduced.

Gas oil ratio (GOR) is the ratio of gas moles over oil volume. Gas moles are commonly measured as gas volume at standard conditions (eg SCF or SCM). Water cut is the volume ratio of water in liquid (oil and water).

Reference : API 14E Recommended Practice For Design and Installation of Offshore Production Platform Piping Systems

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CALCULATOR MODULE : Single Phase Gas Specific Gravity   ±
CALCULATOR MODULE : Single Phase Liquid Specific Gravity   ±

Calculate liquid specific gravity for single phase liquid.

Liquid specific gravity is calculated relative to the density of water (1000 kg/m^3). Liquid density can also be defined as degrees API (liquids lighter than water), degrees Baume (liquids lighter than water or liquids heavier than water), or degrees Twaddell (liquids heavier than water).

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CALCULATOR MODULE : Fluid Dosing Rate And Density   ±
CALCULATOR MODULE : Single Phase Gas Density   ±
CALCULATOR MODULE : Maths Polynomial   ±

Calculate polynomial coefficients, roots or zeros, maximum and minimum, points of inflection, and interpolate polynomial value, slope and curvature.

Polynomials can be calculated for linear (first order), quadratic (second order), cubic (third order), quartic (fourth order), quintic (fifth order), sextic (sixth order), septic (seventh order), octic (eighth order) or nth degree. For polynomials with all real roots, all roots can sometimes be solved simultaneously using the Durand Kerner method. In other cases solve for individual roots. The maximum or minimum points (slope equals zero) and the inflection points (curvature equals zero) can also be calculated. Use a plot page to plot the polynomial and identify the approximate root values if any.

Lagrange's method is used to interpolate between data points. This method is useful for interpolating between data points, but can give poor results when extrapolating outside the data range. Evenly spaced data points can result in cyclic behaviour.

Polynomial coefficients can be calculated from the real roots, and the nth coefficient. There are an infinite number of polynomials with the same roots. The nth coefficient is required in order to calculate unique coefficients. This method only applies if all of the roots are real. Polynomial coefficients can also be calculated from XZ data points.

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