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Pipeline Fitting Modules

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CALCULATOR MODULE : ASME B31.3 Process Piping Bend   ±

Calculate ASME B31.3 process piping minimum thickness for formed bends, and allowable pressure for miter bends.

Minimum thickness of formed bends is calculated for the inside radius, the oputside radius, and the centerline radius. Bend thinning on the outside radius is estimated using the method from ASME B31.1. The estimated minimum bend thickness after thinning should be ≥ the required minimum bend thickness on the outside radius (extrados). Use the goal seek option to calculate the required straight pipe nominal wall thickness (before bending), for the minimum thickness on the outside radius (after bending).

The allowable pressure for miter bends is calculated from the nominal wall thickness. Use the goal seek option to calculate the required miter bend nominal wall thickness for the design pressure. Use the workbook ASME B31.3 data tables to look up allowable stress data.

Reference : ANSI/ASME B31.3 : Process Piping (2018)

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CALCULATOR MODULE : ASME B31.1 Power Piping Bend   ±
CALCULATOR MODULE : DNVGL ST F101 Submarine Pipeline Bend Allowable Stress Design (ASD)   ±

Calculate DNVGL-ST-F101 submarine pipeline allowable stress design (ASAD) check for combined loading. The allowable stress design (ASD) check can be used for pipeline induction bends with combined loading which includes a torsion load. The allowable stress design (ASD) check is a von Mises equivalent stress check.

Reference : DNVGL-ST-F101 : Submarine Pipeline Systems (Download from the DNVGL website)

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CALCULATOR MODULE : ASME B31 Stress Intensity Factor   ±
CALCULATOR MODULE : AS 2885.1 Pipeline Bend Thickness   ±

Calculate AS 2885.1 pipeline bend minimum fabrication thickness.

Bend thickness checks are not required for cold field bends from straight pipe (ripples should be considered). For bends formed by other means such as induction bending, the fabricated thickness should be checked on both the inside of the bend (intrados), and the outside of the bend (extrados).

Reference : Australian Standard AS 2885.1 : Pipelines - Gas And Liquid Petroleum Part 1 : Design And Construction (2015)

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CALCULATOR MODULE : AS 2885.1 Pipeline Cold Bend Buckle   ±
CALCULATOR MODULE : ASME B16.5 Pipe Flange Pressure Rating   ±

Calculate ASME B16.5 pipe flange rated pressure versus temperature (Table 2 SI values).

Rated pressure can be calculated by material group, or pipe flange class (class 150, 300, 400, 600, 900, 1500 and 2500). The rated pressure values are valid from -26 C, to the maximum data temperature. For temperatures greater than the maximum data temperature, the rated pressure can be calculated using either the constant value or constant slope option (these options should be used carefully - engineering judgment is required). Otherwise the rated pressure should be set to zero, as per the code. For temperatures below -26 C, addditional testing may be required (engineering judgment is required).

Use the Data Plot option to plot the rated pressure versus temperature for the selected material. Use the Data Table option to display the data table in the popup window (Table A-1 or K-1). Use the Result Table option to display a table of rated pressure versus material group or flange class. Change units on the setup page.

Reference : ANSI/ASME B16.5 : Pipe Flanges And Flanged Fittings (2017)

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CALCULATOR MODULE : Piping Fitting Minor Loss Factor   ±

Calculate pipe fitting minor loss factors.

Minor loss factors can be defined as:

  • Av (SI) flow coefficient - the flow in cubic meters per second fluid density 1 kilogram per cubic meter which gives a pressure drop of 1 Pa
  • Cv-uk (UK) flow coefficient - the flow in UK gallons per minute of water at 60 degrees F which gives a pressure drop of 1 psi
  • Cv-us (US) flow coefficient - the flow in US gallons per minute of water at 60 degrees F which gives a pressure drop of 1 psi
  • Cv-met (Metric) flow coefficient - the flow in liters per minute of water at 16 degrees C which gives a pressure drop of 1 bar
  • Kv (EU) flow coefficient - the flow in cubic meters per hour of water at 16 degrees C which gives a pressure drop of 1 bar
  • Cv* the dimensionless US flow factor = Cv-us / din^2 (din is the inside diameter in inches)
  • K factor - the ratio of pressure loss over the dynamic pressure
  • Cd or discharge coefficient - the ratio of the actual flow rate of the fluid through the fitting over the frictionless flow rate.

The K factor and discharge coefficient are dimensionless and can be used with any consistent set of units. The dimensionless flow coefficient has inconsistent units, and is unit specific. The flow coefficient Av, Cv-us, Cv-uk, Cv-met and Kv have dimensions length squared, and can not be used interchangeably between different systems of units.

Note : The friction factor K, discharge coefficient Cd, dimensionless flow coefficient Cv*, and flow coefficients Av, Cv-uk, Cv-us, Cv-met and Kv are used in different situations. The discharge coefficient is usually used for discharge through an orifice, but can also be used in other situations (for example pressure relief valves). The flow coefficients Av, Cv-uk, Cv-us, Cv-met and Kv, and the dimensionless flow coefficient Cv* are usually used for valves, but can also be used for other fittings. Engineering judgement is required to determine the correct minor loss factor to use.

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CALCULATOR MODULE : Parallel And Series Piping Fitting   ±

Calculate minor loss factors for parallel and series pipe fittings.

The effective K factor for fittings in series equals the sum of the K factors.

`Ke = ΣKi `

For fittings in parallel the inverse effective K factor equals the sum of the inverse K factors.

`1/(Ke) = Σ1/(Ki) `

The calculators can be used for parallel and series K factor, discharge coefficient Cd, dimensionless flow coefficient Cv*, and flow coefficients Av, Cv-uk, Cv-us, Cv-met and Kv.

Minor loss factors are calculated for:

  • Av (SI) flow coefficient - the flow in cubic meters per second fluid density 1 kilogram per cubic meter which gives a pressure drop of 1 Pa
  • Cv-uk (UK) flow coefficient - the flow in UK gallons per minute of water at 60 degrees F which gives a pressure drop of 1 psi
  • Cv-us (US) flow coefficient - the flow in US gallons per minute of water at 60 degrees F which gives a pressure drop of 1 psi
  • Cv-met (Metric) flow coefficient - the flow in liters per minute of water at 16 degrees C which gives a pressure drop of 1 bar
  • Kv (EU) flow coefficient - the flow in cubic meters per hour of water at 16 degrees C which gives a pressure drop of 1 bar
  • Cv* the dimensionless US flow factor = Cv-us / din^2 (din is the inside diameter in inches)
  • K factor - the ratio of pressure loss over the dynamic pressure
  • Cd or discharge coefficient - the ratio of the actual flow rate of the fluid through the fitting over the frictionless flow rate.

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CALCULATOR MODULE : Piping Fitting Pressure Loss   ±

Calculate outlet pressure and pressure loss through piping and fittings.

The pressure loss is calculated from the Moody diagram using the Darcy-Weisbach friction factor. The Darcy friction factor can be calculated using either the Hagen-Poiseuille laminar flow equation, the original Colebrook White turbulent flow equation, or the modified Colebrook White equation. Changes in elevation are ignored.

For liquid piping with fittings the outlet pressure is calculated by:

`Po = P - 8 (fL/D+ΣK) ρ (Q^2) / (pi^2D^4) `
`ΔP = P - Po `

where :

ΔP = pressure loss
P =inlet pressure
Po = outlet pressure
Po = outlet pressure
ρ = fluid density
Q= fluid volume flowrate
f = Darcy friction factor
L = pipe length
D = pipe inside diameter
Σ K = total fitting K factor

For gas piping with fittings the outlet pressure is calculated by:

`Po = √(P^2 - 16m^2(fd.L / D + ΣK) (mma.SG.ZRoT)/(pi^2D^4) ) `

where :

m = gas mole flowrate
mma = air molar mass
SG = gas specific gravity
Z = gas compressibility factor
Ro = universal gas constant
T = gas temperature

For liquid fittings the outlet pressure is calculated by:

`Po = P - 8 K ρ (Q^2) / (pi^2D^4) `

where :

K = fitting K factor

For gas fittings the outlet pressure is calculated by:

`Po = √(P^2 - m^2K (16mma.SG.ZRoT)/(pi^2D^4) ) `

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CALCULATOR MODULE : Piping Fitting Fluid Property   ±

Calculate pipe fitting gas and liquid density and viscosity.

Calculate liquid density, specific gravity, degrees Baume, degrees Twaddell, or degrees API. For liquids lighter than or equal to water the density can be defined as degrees API, or degrees Baume (Be-). For liquids heavier than water the density can be defined by degrees Baume (Be+), or degrees Twaddell.

Calculate gas density, viscosity and compressibility factor for: methane CH4, ethane C2H6, propane C3H8, iso-butane C4H10, n-butane C4H10, iso-pentane C5H12, n-pentane C5H12, n-hEAne C6H14, n-heptane C7H16, n-octane C8H18, n-nonane C9H20, n-decane C10H22, air N2 + O2, ammonia NH3, argon Ar, carbon dioxide CO2, carbon monoxide CO, chlorine Cl2, helium He, hydrogen H2, hydrogen chloride HCl, hydrogen sulphide H2S, nitrogen N2, oxygen O2, and steam H2O. The gas compressibility factor is calculated from the critical point temperature, critical point temperature, and the accentric factor using either the Peng Robinson, Soave, Redlich Kwong or Van Der Waals equations of state (EOS).

Steam table properties can be calculated for water, saturated water, saturated steam, saturated water and steam, metastable water, and metastable steam.

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CALCULATOR MODULE : Piping Reducer And Enlarger Minor Loss Factor   ±

Calculate typical pipe reducer and enlarger minor loss factors.

The minor loss factors can be calculated for either the small diameter, and the large diameter. The nozzle can be either tapered with a transition, or abrupt with no transition. The taper angle is equal to half the cone angle.

Note : The calculated values are typical. Manufacturers data should be used if it is available.

Minor loss factors are calculated for:

  • Av (SI) flow coefficient - the flow in cubic meters per second fluid density 1 kilogram per cubic meter which gives a pressure drop of 1 Pa
  • Cv-uk (UK) flow coefficient - the flow in UK gallons per minute of water at 60 degrees F which gives a pressure drop of 1 psi
  • Cv-us (US) flow coefficient - the flow in US gallons per minute of water at 60 degrees F which gives a pressure drop of 1 psi
  • Cv-met (Metric) flow coefficient - the flow in liters per minute of water at 16 degrees C which gives a pressure drop of 1 bar
  • Kv (EU) flow coefficient - the flow in cubic meters per hour of water at 16 degrees C which gives a pressure drop of 1 bar
  • Cv* the dimensionless US flow factor = Cv-us / din^2 (din is the inside diameter in inches)
  • K factor - the ratio of pressure loss over the dynamic pressure
  • Cd or discharge coefficient - the ratio of the actual flow rate of the fluid through the fitting over the frictionless flow rate.

Reference : Crane Technical Paper 410M Metric Version : Flow Of Fluids Through Valves, Fittings And Pipe

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CALCULATOR MODULE : Piping Bend And Elbow Minor Loss Factor   ±

Calculate typical pipe bend and elbow minor loss factors (K, Cd, Cv*, Av, Cv-uk, Cv-us, Cv-met and Kv).

Minor loss factors can be calculated for miter bends (single miter and multiple miter), formed bends, close return bends, and standard elbows.

Minor loss factors are calculated for:

  • Av (SI) flow coefficient - the flow in cubic meters per second fluid density 1 kilogram per cubic meter which gives a pressure drop of 1 Pa
  • Cv-uk (UK) flow coefficient - the flow in UK gallons per minute of water at 60 degrees F which gives a pressure drop of 1 psi
  • Cv-us (US) flow coefficient - the flow in US gallons per minute of water at 60 degrees F which gives a pressure drop of 1 psi
  • Cv-met (Metric) flow coefficient - the flow in liters per minute of water at 16 degrees C which gives a pressure drop of 1 bar
  • Kv (EU) flow coefficient - the flow in cubic meters per hour of water at 16 degrees C which gives a pressure drop of 1 bar
  • Cv* the dimensionless US flow factor = Cv-us / din^2 (din is the inside diameter in inches)
  • K factor - the ratio of pressure loss over the dynamic pressure
  • Cd or discharge coefficient - the ratio of the actual flow rate of the fluid through the fitting over the frictionless flow rate.

The calculated values are typical. Manufacturers data should be used if it is available.

Reference : Crane Technical Paper 410M Metric Version : Flow Of Fluids Through Valves, Fittings And Pipe

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CALCULATOR MODULE : Piping Valve Minor Loss Factor   ±

Calculate typical pipe valve minor loss factors (K, Cd, Cv*, Av, Cv-uk, Cv-us, Cv-met and Kv).

The valves are assumed to be fully open. For full port valves the valve port cross section area equals the nominal internal cross section area. For reduced port valves the valve port cross section area is less than the nominal internal cross section area. For circular valve ports the diameter ratio is equal to the valve port diameter over the nominal inside diameter. For non circular valve ports, use the square root of the internal area ratio (the square root of the valve port area over the nominal internal area).

Minor loss factors are calculated for:

  • Av (SI) flow coefficient - the flow in cubic meters per second fluid density 1 kilogram per cubic meter which gives a pressure drop of 1 Pa
  • Cv-uk (UK) flow coefficient - the flow in UK gallons per minute of water at 60 degrees F which gives a pressure drop of 1 psi
  • Cv-us (US) flow coefficient - the flow in US gallons per minute of water at 60 degrees F which gives a pressure drop of 1 psi
  • Cv-met (Metric) flow coefficient - the flow in liters per minute of water at 16 degrees C which gives a pressure drop of 1 bar
  • Kv (EU) flow coefficient - the flow in cubic meters per hour of water at 16 degrees C which gives a pressure drop of 1 bar
  • Cv* the dimensionless US flow factor = Cv-us / din^2 (din is the inside diameter in inches)
  • K factor - the ratio of pressure loss over the dynamic pressure
  • Cd or discharge coefficient - the ratio of the actual flow rate of the fluid through the fitting over the frictionless flow rate.

The calculated values are typical. Manufacturers data should be used if it is available.

Reference : Crane Technical Paper 410M Metric Version : Flow Of Fluids Through Valves, Fittings And Pipe

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CALCULATOR MODULE : Piping Check Valve Minor Loss Factor   ±

Calculate typical gas and liquid pipe check valve minimum velocity and minor loss factors (K, Cd, Cv*, Av, Cv-uk, Cv-us, Cv-met and Kv).

The minimum flowrate is the flowrate required to keep the check valve fully open. For full port valves the valve port cross section area equals the nominal internal cross section area. For reduced port valves the valve port cross section area is less than the nominal internal cross section area. For circular valve ports the diameter ratio is equal to the valve port diameter over the nominal inside diameter. For non circular valve ports, use the square root of the internal area ratio (the square root of the valve port area over the nominal internal area).

Minor loss factors are calculated for:

  • Av (SI) flow coefficient - the flow in cubic meters per second fluid density 1 kilogram per cubic meter which gives a pressure drop of 1 Pa
  • Cv-uk (UK) flow coefficient - the flow in UK gallons per minute of water at 60 degrees F which gives a pressure drop of 1 psi
  • Cv-us (US) flow coefficient - the flow in US gallons per minute of water at 60 degrees F which gives a pressure drop of 1 psi
  • Cv-met (Metric) flow coefficient - the flow in liters per minute of water at 16 degrees C which gives a pressure drop of 1 bar
  • Kv (EU) flow coefficient - the flow in cubic meters per hour of water at 16 degrees C which gives a pressure drop of 1 bar
  • Cv* the dimensionless US flow factor = Cv-us / din^2 (din is the inside diameter in inches)
  • K factor - the ratio of pressure loss over the dynamic pressure
  • Cd or discharge coefficient - the ratio of the actual flow rate of the fluid through the fitting over the frictionless flow rate.

The calculated values are typical. Manufacturers data should be used if it is available.

Reference : Crane Technical Paper 410M Metric Version : Flow Of Fluids Through Valves, Fittings And Pipe

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CALCULATOR MODULE : Piping Control Valve Sizing   ±

Calculate typical gas and liquid pipe control valve sizing and minor loss factors (K, Cd, Cv*, Av, Cv-uk, Cv-us, Cv-met and Kv).

The control valve sizing is calculated in two steps using the ISA-75.01.01 iteration method for Kv flow coefficient. The other flow factors (Av, Cv-uk, Cv-us, Cv-met, Cv*, K, and Cd) are calculated from Kv.

Step 1 : Calculate the required valve flow coefficient (Av, Cv-uk, Cv-us, Cv-met and Kv) assuming that the valve ID is equal to the pipe ID. Use the required flow coefficient to select a suitable valve.

Step 2 : Select a suitable valve size, type and flow coefficient based on manufacturers data. If a full bore valve is too large, a smaller valve should be selected, with assumed concentric reducers. Calculate the required flow coefficient for the selected valve. The required flow coefficient should be less than or equal to the valve flow coefficient. A trial and error process may be required to determine the appropriate valve. It is recommended that the valve diameter is not less than half the pipe diameter. The calculation is not valid if the valve diameter is greater than the pipe diameter. The calculation might not converge if the valve size is too small.

For viscous fluids or very low flow velocity flow, with low Reynolds number (Rev < 10,000) use the Reynolds number factor option. For most flow cases the Reynolds number can be ignored (Fr = 1).

Check for choked conditions. If the outlet pressure for step 1 or step 2 is greater than the minimum (choked) outlet pressure, set the outlet pressure equal to the choked outlet pressure. The maximum (choked) flowrate, maximum (choked) delta pressure and minimum (choked) outlet pressure are calculated from the fluid vapour pressure, and the fluid critical point pressure. Specially designed valves are required to operate at choked conditions.

The K factors should include fittings located with 2D upstream and 6D downstream. The fluid velocity is calculated from the valve ID. The piping is assumed to be constant diameter upstream and downstream of the valve. The liquid pressure recovery factor Fl, and the valve design factor Fd depend on the valve type and geometry. Typical values are included in the data tables. Manufacturers data should be used if it is available. Check that the convergence is close to or equal to one. Convergence problems can indicate that the selected valve size is too small.

The dimensionless flow coefficient Cv* equals Cv-us / IDin^2, where IDin is the valve inside diameter in inches. For control valves, a maximum Cv* value of 30 is recommended, equivalent to a minimum K factor of 1.

Minor loss factors are calculated for:

  • Av (SI) flow coefficient - the flow in cubic meters per second fluid density 1 kilogram per cubic meter which gives a pressure drop of 1 Pa
  • Cv-uk (UK) flow coefficient - the flow in UK gallons per minute of water at 60 degrees F which gives a pressure drop of 1 psi
  • Cv-us (US) flow coefficient - the flow in US gallons per minute of water at 60 degrees F which gives a pressure drop of 1 psi
  • Cv-met (Metric) flow coefficient - the flow in liters per minute of water at 16 degrees C which gives a pressure drop of 1 bar
  • Kv (EU) flow coefficient - the flow in cubic meters per hour of water at 16 degrees C which gives a pressure drop of 1 bar
  • Cv* the dimensionless US flow factor = Cv-us / din^2 (din is the inside diameter in inches)
  • K factor - the ratio of pressure loss over the dynamic pressure
  • Cd or discharge coefficient - the ratio of the actual flow rate of the fluid through the fitting over the frictionless flow rate.

Reference : ISA-75.01.01 Industrial Process Control Valves Part 2-1 Flow Capacity Sizing Equations For Fluid Flow Under Installed Conditions

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CALCULATOR MODULE : DNVGL RP O501 Pipeline Bend Erosion Rate   ±
CALCULATOR MODULE : DNVGL RP O501 Pipeline Reducer Erosion Rate   ±
CALCULATOR MODULE : API 520 Pressure Relief Device   ±
CALCULATOR MODULE : API 520 Gas Pressure Relief Valve   ±

Calculate API 520 gas pressure relief valve (PRV) and rupture disk size.

The flow through the relief valve nozzle is assumed to be sonic (M = 1), adiabatic, and isentropic. If the back pressure is greater than the critical (sonic) pressure the flow is subsonic (M < 1).

Friction losses are accounted for using the discharge coefficient Kd. For initial sizing of PRV's the effective nozzle diameter should be used with the discharge coefficient Kd = 0.975. The actual nozzle diameter and the rated coefficient of discharge should be used to verify that the selected PRV is suitable for the required flow rate. The PRV effective diameter is taken from API 526 (letter designation D to T). Changes in phase are not accounted for.

The calculation can also be used for rupture disks. The rupture disk diameter should be substituted for the nozzle diameter, with a discharge coefficient Kd = 0.62. Rupture disks can also be analysed as part of a relief vent system using the flow resistance method.

Note : The ideal gas calculators use the ideal gas compressible flow equations. The API 520 gas and steam calculations use an approximation of the ideal gas compressible flow equations. Use the ideal gas calculators for a comparison with the API 520 calculators.

Reference : API 520 Sizing, Selection And Installation Of Pressure Relieving Devices (2014)

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CALCULATOR MODULE : API 520 Steam Pressure Relief Valve   ±

Calculate API 520 steam pressure relief valve (PRV) and rupture disk size.

The flow through the relief valve nozzle is analysed using the Napier equation. For temperatures above 1200 F (922 K), the gas PRV calculation should be used. If the back pressure is greater than the critical (sonic) pressure the flow is sub sonic (M < 1).

Friction losses are accounted for using the discharge coefficient Kd. For initial sizing of PRV's the effective nozzle diameter should be used with the discharge coefficient Kd = 0.975. The actual nozzle diameter and rated coefficient of discharge should be used to verify that the selected PRV is suitable for the required flow rate. The PRV effective diameter is taken from API 526 (letter designation D to T). Changes in phase are not accounted for.

The calculation can also be used for rupture disks. The rupture disk diameter should be substituted for the nozzle diameter, with a discharge coefficient Kd = 0.62. Rupture disks can also be analysed as part of a relief vent system using the flow resistance method.

Note : The ideal gas calculators use the ideal gas compressible flow equations. The API 520 gas and steam calculations use an approximation of the ideal gas compressible flow equations. Use the ideal gas calculators for a comparison with the API 520 calculators.

Reference : API 520 Sizing, Selection And Installation Of Pressure Relieving Devices (2014)

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CALCULATOR MODULE : API 520 Liquid Pressure Relief Valve   ±

Calculate API 520 liquid pressure relief valve (PRV) and rupture disk size (certified and non certifed devices).

The flow through the relief valve nozzle is analysed using the Bernoulli equation. Friction losses are accounted for using the discharge coefficient Kd. For initial sizing of PRV's the effective nozzle diameter should be used with the discharge coefficient Kd = 0.65 for certified PRV's and Kd = 0.62 for non certified PRV's. The actual nozzle diameter and rated coefficient of discharge should be used to verify that the selected PRV is suitable for the required flow rate. The PRV effective diameter is taken from API 526 (letter designation D to T). Changes in phase are not accounted for.

The PRV calculation can also be used for rupture disks. The rupture disk diameter should be substituted for the nozzle diameter, with a discharge coefficient Kd = 0.62. Rupture disks can also be analysed as part of a relief vent system using the flow resistance method.

Reference : API 520 Sizing, Selection And Installation Of Pressure Relieving Devices (2014)

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DATA MODULE : ASME B31 Pipe And Flange Dimension ( Open In Popup Workbook )   ±

ASME B31.8 gas pipe and flange data values: pipe dimensions, flange dimensions, cover requirements, cold bends, burn through and location class.

Reference : ANSI/ASME B31.8 : Gas Transmission And Distribution Piping Systems

    Related Modules :

    DATA MODULE : Pipe Fitting And Valve ( Open In Popup Workbook )   ±
    DATA MODULE : ASME B31.1 Power Piping Allowable Stress ( Open In Popup Workbook )   ±
    DATA MODULE : ASME B31.3 Process Piping Allowable Stress ( Open In Popup Workbook )   ±
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