Calculate pipeline expansion spool length and combined stress check.
The expansion spool is analysed as a beam fixed at both ends, with a lateral offset. For expansion spools in contact with the ground, the soil forces are analysed as a uniformly distributed load equal to the lateral friction force (pipe weight x soil friction coefficient). Bending is assumed to be in plane. Torsion is ignored. For flanged spools the bending moment generally governs the design. Fatigue should also be considered.
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