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Pipeline Natural Vibration Frequency

Calculate the damped and undamped pipeline section lateral natural vibration frequency (simply supported, fixed, and cantilever etc).

For lateral vibration, the buckling load can be calculated using either the Euler equation (suitable for long sections), or the Johnson equation (suitable for short sections). The buckling load is dependent on the end type, and is used for mode 1 vibration only. Added mass should be included for submerged or wet sections. The added mass coefficient can be calculated in accordance with DNVGL RP F105. The submerged natural frequency is calculated for still water conditions, with no vortex shedding. For sections on a soft foundation such as soil, use the effective length factor to allow for movement at the section ends. For defined section ends such as structures, the effective length factor should be set to one. The axial load is calculated from temperature and pressure.

The mode factor k is dependent on the mode number, and the section end type. The k factors have been taken from the Shock and Vibration handbook. The damping factor should be set to zero for undamped vibration or set greater than zero and less than or equal to one for damped vibration. For multi layer pipes the bending stiffness can be calculated with the concrete stiffness factor (CSF). The CSF accounts for the additional stiffness provided by the external concrete coating. The concrete stiffness factor is calculated in accordance with DNVGL RP F105. Enter the wall thickness for all layers. Only enter the elastic modulus for layers which affect the pipe stiffness.

Use the Result Table and Result Plot options to display tables and plots. Refer to the figures and help pages for more details about the tools.

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CALCULATOR : Pipeline Material Property [FREE]   ±

Calculate typical line pipe elastic modulus, shear modulus, bulk modulus, density, and thermal expansion coefficient.

The table values of Poisson ratio and bulk modulus are calculated from the elastic modulus and shear modulus. Project specific data should be used if it is available. Use the Result Table option to display a table of properties versus material type.

Tool Input

  • modptype : Material Type
    • Eu : User Defined Elastic Modulus
    • Gu : User Defined Shear Modulus
    • Ku : User Defined Bulk Modulus
    • νu : User Defined Poisson Ratio
    • ρu : User Defined Density
    • αu : User Defined Thermal Expansion Coefficient

Tool Output

  • α : Thermal Expansion Coefficient
  • ν : Poisson Ratio
  • ρ : Density
  • E : Elastic Modulus
  • G : Shear Modulus
  • K : Bulk Modulus

CALCULATOR : Pipeline EI And Unit Weight (Multi Layer Pipe) [FREE]   ±

Calculate pipeline EI (ExI), unit mass and unit weight for multi layer pipelines.

The concrete stiffness factor is used to account for the effect of the concrete layer. The concrete stiffness factor is calculated from the ratio of concrete EI over pipeline EI. The concrete stiffness factor is calculated in accordance with DNVGL RP F105. Only include the Young's modulus value for the layers which will contribute to EI. The unit weight can be calculated for dry empty, dry full, wet empty and wet full pipe.

Tool Input

  • schdtype : Line Pipe Schedule Type
  • diamtype : Line Pipe Diameter Type
    • ODu : User Defined Outside Diameter
    • IDu : User Defined Inside Diameter
  • wtntype : Line Pipe Wall Thickness Type
    • tnu : User Defined Wall Thickness
  • eitype : E x I Type
    • Kcu : User Defined Coating Factor
    • CSFu : User Defined Concrete Stiffness Factor
  • wltype : Pipe Weight Type
  • WTi : Pipe Liner Wall Thickness
  • Ei : Pipe And Liner Elastic Modulus
  • ρi : Pipe And Liner Density
  • WTo : Pipe Coating Wall Thickness
  • Eo : Pipe Coating Elastic Modulus
  • ρo : Pipe Coating Density
  • ρf : Contents Fluid Density
  • ρb : Displaced Fluid Density

Tool Output

  • CSF : Concrete Stiffness Factor (DNVGL)
  • EIi : Inside Layers E x I
  • EIo : Outside Layers E x I
  • EIp : Total E x I
  • IID : Pipe Inner Diameter Including Liners
  • Kc : Coating Factor (DNVGL)
  • OD : Line Pipe Nominal Diameter
  • OOD : Pipe Outer Diameter Including Coatings
  • SG : Pipe Specific Gravity Relative To Displaced Fluid
  • mb : Displaced Fluid Mass Per Length
  • mc : Contents Fluid Mass Per Length
  • mi : Inner Layers Total Unit Mass
  • mo : Outer Layers Total Unit Mass
  • mp : Pipe Mass Per Length Including Liner And Coating
  • tn : Line Pipe Nominal Wall Thickness
  • w : Pipe Total Weight Per Length Including Contents and Buoyancy

CALCULATOR : Pipeline EI And Unit Weight (Single Layer Pipe) [FREE]   ±

Calculate pipeline EI (ExI), unit mass and unit weight for single layer pipelines.

The unit weight can be calculated for dry empty, dry full, wet empty and wet full pipe.

Tool Input

  • schdtype : Schedule Type
  • diamtype : Diameter Type
    • ODu : User Defined Outside Diameter
    • IDu : User Defined Inside Diameter
  • wtntype : Wall Thickness Type
    • tnu : User Defined Wall Thickness
  • modptype : Material Property Type
    • Eu : User Defined Pipe Elastic Modulus
    • ρpu : User Defined Pipe Density
  • wltype : Pipe Weight Type
  • ρi : Contents Fluid Density
  • ρe : Displaced Fluid Density

Tool Output

  • ρp : Pipe Density
  • E : Elastic Modulus
  • EI : E x I
  • ID : Nominal Inside Diameter
  • Mb : Displaced Fluid Mass Per Length
  • Mc : Contents Fluid Mass Per Length
  • Mp : Pipe Mass Per Length
  • OD : Nominal Outside Diameter
  • OD/tn : Diameter Over Wall Thickness Ratio
  • SG : Pipe Specific Gravity Relative To Displaced Fluid
  • W : Pipe Total Weight Per Length Including Contents and Buoyancy
  • tn : Nominal Wall Thickness

CALCULATOR : Pipeline Concrete Stiffness Factor (General Pipe) [FREE]   ±

Calculate pipeline concrete stiffness factor and effective EI from the concrete pipeline EI ratio for a general pipeline.

The concrete stiffness factor is used to account for the effect of the concrete layer on the bending modulus EI and the natural frequency. The concrete stiffness factor is calculated from the ratio of concrete EI over pipeline EI.

`CSF= A ((EIc) / (EIp))^0.75 `
`EI = EIp (1 + CSF) `

where :

CSF = concrete stiffness factor
EIc = concrete EI
EIp = pipe EI
EI = effective EI
A = 0.33 for asphalt coating and 0.25 for PP/PE coating

The concrete stiffness factor is calculated in accordance with DNVGL RP F105. Use the Result Plot option to plot the concrete stiffness factor (CSF) versus EI ratio and CSF type, or effective EI versus EI ratio and CSF type. Refer to the help pages for more details.

Reference : DNVGL RP F105 Free Spanning Pipelines (Download From DNVGL website)

Tool Input

  • coptype : Cross Section Type
    • EIcu : User Defined Concrete E x I
    • EIC/EIPu : User Defined E x I Ratio
  • csftype : Concrete Stiffness Factor Type
    • Kcu : User Defined Coating Factor
    • CSFu : User Defined Concrete Stiffness Factor
  • EIp : Beam E x I

Tool Output

  • CSF : Concrete Stiffness Factor
  • EI : Effective E x I
  • EIC/EIP : E x I Ratio

CALCULATOR : Pipeline Lateral Natural Vibration Frequency With Axial Load (Single Layer Pipe) [PLUS]   ±

Calculate pipeline damped and undamped lateral natural vibration frequency with axial load for single layer pipeline sections.

For compressive axial loads, the natural frequency tends to zero as the axial load tends to the buckling load. The buckling load can be calculated using either the Euler equation (suitable for long sections), or the Johnson equation (suitable for short sections). For tension loads, the natural frequency increases. The axial load can either be calculated from temperature and pressure, or user defined.

Pipeline unit mass and EI are calculated for a single layer pipeline with no coatings or internal liners. Pipeline unit mass can be calculated for full and empty pipelines. Added mass should be included for submerged or wet pipelines. The added mass coefficient is calculated in accordance with DNVGL RP F105. The submerged natural frequency is calculated for still water conditions, with no vortex shedding. The effective length factor should be used for pipelines on a soft foundation such as soil, where the section ends are poorly defined. For defined section ends, such as structures, the effective length factor should be set to one (fe = 1). The damping factor = 0 for undamped vibration, and 1 for critically damped vibration.

Select the end type, and vibration mode number (mode 1 only). Use the Result Table option to display the natural frequency versus either mode number, end type, or line pipe wall thickness. Use the Result Plot option to display the natural frequency versus axial load and end type, or section length and end type. The Fix-Fix and Free-Free modes have the same natural frequencies, but different mode shapes.

Reference : DNVGL RP F105 Free Spanning Pipelines (Download From DNVGL website)

Tool Input

  • schdtype : Schedule Type
  • diamtype : Diameter Type
    • ODu : User Defined Outside Diameter
    • IDu : User Defined Inside Diameter
  • wtntype : Wall Thickness Type
    • tnu : User Defined Wall Thickness
  • syutype : Line Pipe Stress Type
  • mattype : Material Type
    • SMYSu : User Defined Specified Minimum Yield Stress
  • modptype : Material Property Type
    • αu : User Defined Thermal Expansion Coefficient
    • Eu : User Defined Elastic Modulus
    • ρpu : User Defined Density
    • νpu : User Defined Poisson Ratio
  • sectype : Section Properties Type
    • EIu : User Defined E x I
    • EAαu : User Defined E x A x alpha
  • mmtype : Added Mass Type
    • ρe : External Fluid Density
    • Cmu : User Defined Added Mass Coefficient
    • G : Gap Height
  • mltype : Unit Mass Type
    • mu : User Defined Unit Mass
  • loadtype : Axial Load Type
    • Fau : User Defined Axial Load
  • fbtype : Buckling Load Type
  • endtype : End Type
  • leftype : Effective Length Type
    • feu : User Defined Effective Length Factor
  • fdtype : Damping Factor Type (0 = Undamped 1 = Critical Damping)
    • fdu : User Defined Damping Factor (0 ≤ fd ≤ 1)
  • ρi : Internal Fluid Density
  • Lo : Nominal Length
  • Pi : Internal Pressure
  • Td : Design Temperature
  • Tin : Installation Temperature
  • Fin : Installation Load

Tool Output

  • α : Thermal Expansion Coefficient
  • ν : Poisson Ratio
  • ρp : Density
  • AX : Cross Section Area
  • E : Elastic Modulus
  • EAα : E x A x alpha
  • EI : E x I
  • Fa : Axial Load
  • Fa/Fb : Axial Load Over Buckling Load Ratio (> -1)
  • Fb : Buckling Load
  • ID : Inside Diameter
  • Le : Effective Length
  • Lt : Transition Length (Short to Long Beam)
  • OD : Outside Diameter
  • SMYS : Yield Stress
  • cm : Added Mass Coefficient
  • fd : Damping Factor
  • fn : Natural Frequency
  • k : Natural Frequency K Factor
  • m : Mass Per Length
  • ma : Added Unit Mass
  • mc : Contents Unit Mass
  • md : Displaced Unit Mass
  • mp : Line Pipe Unit Mass
  • tn : Wall Thickness

CALCULATOR : Pipeline Lateral Natural Vibration Frequency With Axial Load (Multi Layer Pipe) [PLUS]   ±

Calculate pipeline damped and undamped lateral natural vibration frequency with axial load for multi layer pipeline sections.

For compressive axial loads, the natural frequency tends to zero as the axial load tends to the buckling load. The buckling load can be calculated using either the Euler equation (suitable for long sections), or the Johnson equation (suitable for short sections). For tension loads, the natural frequency increases with increasing tension. The axial load can either be calculated from temperature and pressure, or user defined.

Pipeline unit mass and EI are calculated with external coatings and or internal liners. Unit mass can be calculated with or without added mass. Added mass is included in the unit mass for submerged pipelines to account for the fluid which is displaced by the pipeline. The added mass coefficient is calculated in accordance with DNVGL RP F105. The submerged natural frequency is calculated for still water conditions, with no vortex shedding. The effective length factor should be used for sections on a soft foundation such as soil, where the section ends are poorly defined. For defined section ends, such as structures, the effective length factor should be set to one (fe = 1). The damping factor = 0 for undamped vibration, and 1 for critically damped vibration.

The bending stifness can be calculated with the concrete stiffness factor (CSF). The CSF accounts for the additional stiffness provided by the external concrete coating.

Enter the wall thickness for all layers. Only enter the elastic modulus for layers which will contribute to EI.

Select the end type, and vibration mode number (mode 1 only). Use the Result Table option to display the natural frequency versus either mode number, end type, or line pipe wall thickness. Use the Result Plot option to display the natural frequency versus axial load and end type, or section length and end type. The Fix-Fix and Free-Free modes have the same natural frequencies, but different mode shapes.

Reference : DNVGL RP F105 Free Spanning Pipelines (Download From DNVGL website)

Tool Input

  • schdtype : Line Pipe Schedule Type
  • diamtype : Line Pipe Diameter Type
    • ODu : User Defined Outside Diameter
    • IDu : User Defined Inside Diameter
  • wtntype : Line Pipe Wall Thickness Type
    • tnu : User Defined Wall Thickness
  • syutype : Line Pipe Stress Type
  • mattype : Material Type
    • SMYSu : User Defined Specified Minimum Yield Stress
  • sectype : Section Properties Type
    • EAαu : User Defined E x A x alpha
    • νu : User Defined Pipe Poisson's Ratio
  • eitype : E x I Type
    • Kcu : User Defined Coating Factor
    • CSFu : User Defined Concrete Stiffness Factor
    • EIu : User Defined Pipe E x I
  • mmtype : Mass Type
    • ρe : User Defined External Fluid Density
    • Cmu : User Defined Added Mass Coefficient
    • G : Gap Height
  • mltype : Mass Type
    • mu : User Defined Beam Unit Mass
  • loadtype : Axial Load Type
    • Fau : User Defined Axial Load
  • fbtype : Buckling Load Type
  • endtype : End Type
  • leftype : Effective Length Type
    • feu : User Defined Effective Length Factor
  • fdtype : Damping Factor Type (0 = Undamped 1 = Critical Damping)
    • fdu : User Defined Damping Factor (0 ≤ fd ≤ 1)
  • WTi : Pipe Liner Wall Thickness
  • ρi : Pipe And Liner Density
  • Ei : Pipe And Liner Elastic Modulus
  • αi : Pipe And Liner Thermal Expansion Coefficient
  • νi : Pipe And Liner Poisson's Ratio
  • WTo : Pipe Coating Wall Thickness
  • ρo : Pipe Coating Density
  • Eo : Pipe Coating Elastic Modulus
  • ρf : Internal Fluid Density
  • Lo : Nominal Length
  • Pi : Internal Pressure
  • Td : Design Temperature
  • Tin : Installation Temperature
  • Fin : Installation Force

Tool Output

  • ν : Effective Poisson Ratio
  • AX : Effective Cross Section Area
  • CSF : Concrete Stiffness factor
  • Cm : Added Mass Coefficient
  • EAα : E x A x alpha
  • EI : Effective E x I
  • EIc : Concrete E x I
  • EIp : Pipe E x I
  • Fa : Axial Load
  • Fa/Fb : Axial Load Over Buckling Load Ratio (> -1)
  • Fb : Buckling Load
  • IID : Pipe Inside Diameter Including Liner
  • Kc : Coating Factor
  • Le : Effective Length
  • Lt : Transition Length (Short to Long Beam)
  • OD : Line Pipe Diameter
  • OOD : Pipe Outer Diameter Including Coatings
  • SMYS : Yield Stress
  • fd : Damping Factor
  • fn : Natural Frequency
  • k : Natural Frequency K Factor
  • m : Nominal Mass Per Unit Length
  • md : Displaced Unit Mass
  • mla : Added Unit Mass
  • mlc : Contents Unit Mass
  • mlp : Pipe Unit Mass Including Liner And Coating
  • tn : Line Pipe Thickness

CALCULATOR : Pipeline Lateral Natural Vibration Frequency With Axial Load (General Pipe) [FREE]   ±

Calculate pipeline damped and undamped lateral natural vibration frequency with axial load for general sections (user defined properties). Section unit mass bending stiffness modulus and axial load are user defined.

Select the end type: pinned ends (simply supported sections), fixed ends, free fixed ends (cantilever sections), pinned fixed ends, mode 1 only. For sections with axial load the natural frequency equals zero for compressive axial loads greater than or equal to the buckling load.

The buckling load can be calculated using either the Euler equation (suitable for long sections), or the Johnson equation (suitable for short sections). Buckling normally occurs on the axis with lowest stiffness modulus. The buckling stiffness modulus and the vibration stiffness modulus can be defined independently for cases where vibration is not parallel to buckling.

The effective length factor should be used for sections on a soft foundation such as soil, where the section ends are poorly defined. For defined section ends, such as structures, the effective length factor should be set to one (fe = 1). The damping factor = 0 for undamped vibration, and 1 for critically damped vibration. The natural frequency equals zero for critical damping.

Use the Result Table option to display the natural frequency versus either mode number, or end type. Use the Result Plot option to display the natural frequency versus section length and mode number, section length and end type, or axial load and end type. The Fix-Fix and Free-Free modes have the same natural frequencies, but different mode shapes. Refer to the figures and help pages for more details.

Tool Input

  • eitype : Bending Modulus Type
    • EIvu : User Defined Vibration Bending Modulus (E x I)
    • EIbu : User Defined Buckling Bending Modulus (E x I)
  • fbtype : Buckling Load Type
  • endtype : End Type
  • leftype : Effective Length Type
    • feu : User Defined Effective Length Factor
  • fdtype : Damping Factor Type (0 = Undamped 1 = Critical Damping)
    • fdu : User Defined Damping Factor (0 ≤ fd ≤ 1)
  • AX : Cross Section Area
  • m : Unit Mass
  • Lo : Nominal Length
  • SY : Yield Stress
  • Fa : Axial Load

Tool Output

  • EIb : Buckling Bending Modulus (E x I)
  • EIv : Vibration Bending Modulus (E x I)
  • Fa/Fb : Axial Load Over Buckling Load Ratio (> -1)
  • Fb : Buckling Load
  • Le : Effective Length
  • Lt : Transition Length (Short to Long Beam)
  • fd : Damping Factor
  • fn : Natural Frequency
  • k : Natural Frequency K Factor

CALCULATOR : Pipeline Added Mass Coefficient (Single Layer Pipe) [FREE]   ±

Calculate pipeline added mass coefficient and added mass from gap height.

Added mass is included in the unit mass for submerged pipelines to account for the fluid which is displaced by the pipeline. The added mass coefficient is calculated in accordance with DNVGL RP F105. Refer to the help pages for more details.

Reference : DNVGL RP F105 Free Spanning Pipelines (Download From DNVGL website)

Tool Input

  • schdtype : Schedule Type
  • diamtype : Diameter Type
    • ODu : User Defined Outside Diameter
    • IDu : User Defined Inside Diameter
  • wtntype : Wall Thickness Type
    • tnu : User Defined Wall Thickness
  • cmtype : Added Mass Coefficient Type
    • Cmu : User Defined Added Mass Coefficient
  • mb : Beam Mass Per Unit Length
  • ρe : External Fluid Density
  • G : Gap Height

Tool Output

  • Cm : Added Mass Coefficient
  • G/OD : Gap Over Diameter Ratio
  • OD : Outside Diameter
  • m : Total Mass Per Unit Length
  • ma : Added Mass Per Unit Length